The Effects of Short Term and Long Term Stress on Physiological Processes

The Effects of Short Term and Long Term Stress on Physiological processes Stress can have many definitions, the NHS describes it as: stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure (2012) and some may describe it as when our demands outweigh our response. A stressor is anything that is likely to ‘set off’ your stress levels, when a person is feeling overwhelmed or they cannot cope with an event or situation (whether it be physical or psychological). During the 1920’s Walter Cannon began to recognise chain of rapidly occurring reactions in one’s body in response to acute stress.He described this reaction as the fight or flight response which will prepare the body to either fight or flee from a threatening situation (real or imaginary). Cannon discovered that during this response a series of physiological reactions will take place such as heart and respiratory rate will increase to allow for more oxygen to be pumped around the body to prepare the muscles for action. Blood pressure will increase as the blood vessels will constrict to enable to blood to move faster and more smoothly around the body.Pupils will dilate as they allow more light into the eye therefore allowing a boarder view of the situation. Our sympathetic nervous response to stress is our immediate response, this is an uncontrollable reflex to a stressful situation. Our hypothalamus send signals through our nerve cells to our pituitary gland to our adrenal glands, specifically our adrenal medulla. Here, the hormone adrenaline is pumped into the bloodstream causing the many physiological changes in our body. Also, noradrenaline will be release causing the non-essential systems to either shut down or slow down e.g. digestive system and immune system. As the adrenaline is coursing through our body it triggers the release of sugar from our temporary stores supplying energy around the body. Originally founded by Seyle in 1956, general adaptation syndr ome refers to the three stage reaction to stress and our adaptation to dealing and living with it. Stage one is the sympathetic nervous response: an immediate alarm reaction to a stress and our fight/slight response. Stage two is the stage of resistance (adaptation) where a prolong exposure to stress has occurredcausing our body to become adjusted to the stressor and the increased amount of hormones in our body (adrenaline/adrenocorticotropic). As a way of conserving energy and for optimum nutrient absorption a person may feel reduced desire for physical activity. The final stage is the exhaustion stage, as there has been an increased amount of corticosteroids in the body, the immune system will have become much weaker making a person much more susceptible to chronic illness/heart attacks/severe infection as our bodies are much less capable of an immune response.If a person has GAS then there body will be in the process of the parasympathetic nervous response, it differs to the symp athetic response as hypothalamus signals to the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone will trigger corticosteroids into the blood from the adrenal cortex which suppresses the immune system and converts glycogen in muscles and the liver into sugar. In 1997, Marmot conducted a study into low job control and the risk of coronary heart disease. It was determined that low job control did increase the risk of heart disease.

A Beautiful Mind Speech Rhetoric

*â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†:* A Rhetoric Speech Analysis John Nash delivered his acceptance address after receiving the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In his speech, he aims to inform his audience after his lifetime of pursuits, what he concluded are logic and reason. John Nash began his speech with a personal belief that is common with most scientists saying â€Å"I’ve always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. † By doing so, he establishes common ground with his audience in which they can relate to. Here he captured their attention by saying â€Å"I’ve always†, by using past tense, it implied that what he has found is contrary to that. In his next statement â€Å"But after a lifetime of such pursuits, I ask,† it proves what was disguised in his opening statement, but that only recently he has found his answer. â€Å"What truly is logic? † and â€Å"Who decides reason? † by stating these two questions that have led him to think otherwise, opposite to his original belief, it directs the audience to ponder about what he has found that is opposite to what is commonly believed in logics and reason. The use of â€Å"quest† in his next statement, emphasis a great deal of work and hardship for the conclusion he is about to make. It gives credibility to what he is about to say. â€Å"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical and the delusional†¦ and back† He further emphasis this work and hardship by the stating not one but three of what can be called three properties of the world or to be exact reality. He used parallelism by the use of the word â€Å"the†, this was important for the audience since it was necessary (as he is speaking to scientist) to show that the three properties were of equal importance. Also the employment of â€Å"Back† in his sentence calls magnitude to his credibility. It establishes ethos. Subsequently, John Nash concludes what he has found. Parallelism was utilized by the usage of â€Å"Most† to give meaning and weight to what he has concluded in his pursuits and that it had uttermost significance to his career and to his life. My† was used to establish that his discovery had equal impact on his career and life. The result of his quest is stated as â€Å"It is only in the mysterious equation of love that any logic or reason can be found† gives prominence that without love nothing can be done. That love is necessary for any logic and reason to be concluded. And here John Nash allows the audience to draw their own conclusion o f what love allows us to do. He appeals to pathos of every individual’s understanding of love. Since it is necessary in an acceptance address to thank a person and furthermore as evidence to his discovery, he thanks his wife without the direct use of wife, but with the repetition of the word â€Å"You† it raises speculation on whom is â€Å"You† maintaining the audience’s attention. â€Å"You† also in his concluding remarks and in conjunction to his earlier statements establishes that indeed without his â€Å"You†, he wouldn’t have a career or a life; she is indeed all his reasons.

An Analysis of Robin Hood

The story is part of every culture. Some of them teach the way of life, Other stories show how we become a cultural way, the other stories show how the kingdom was built. Not only because it existed for centuries but also because of the major change that occurred in recent years, mainly due to the historical events that occurred during shooting, all Robin Hood movies It differs from that of. This movie is enough to change the plot of the movie and change some of the prototype. The work of two historians explores this work and explores personal thought and analysis of legend of Robin Hood. The first one is Holt's work in his book Robin Hood, followed by Hilton's article The Origin of Robin Hood. The purpose and discussion and method of each job will be reviewed. By carefully studying the two works, the theoretical methods of each writer are also analyzed. These two sections will be compared and analyzed to see information shared by historians and different information. In the 19th cen tury, the legend of Robin Hood was specifically targeted at children. Wreath for children is for children of Ritsin's Robin Hood series made in 1820. A novel by Robin Hood for children began to appear. It's not that children have never read Robin Hood's story before, but this is the first time they have specifically mentioned in Robin Hood's literature. A very influential example of these children's novels is Robin Hood's Robin Hood and Little John (1840). It was adapted from France by Alexandre Dumas of Le Prince Devore (1872) and Robin Hood Le Procrit (1873). Egan ordered Robin Hood to be born, but brought up by forestry officer Gilbert Hood. The story of Robin Hood. Lord Gisborne is involved in one of medieval folk songs on Robin Hood. Robin and his Little John colleagues were paving the way for controversy and parting Little John was alone, but Sergeant Nottingham grabbed him and tied him to the tree. Robin met Sir Gai who swore to kill the gang leader. When they found each othe r's identity, they pulled out the sword and fought. Robin killed Lord Gay and put on his clothes. They planned to rescue when his captured letter arrived at Robin's companion in the forest. When a priest told Robin to be arrested on the way, Little John and Mucci grabbed him and broke his neck. John and Mucci visited the king of London in disguised form and then returned the Nottingham document with noble signs. The sheriff did not recognize them, they welcomed the two men and treated them with feasts. That night, John and Mucci killed Robin prison and released Robin.

Does the 'family'still serve society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Does the 'family'still serve society - Essay Example In years past one thought of the traditional family as one where only one parent worked outside the home, and in that way their service to society was in the father providing solely for his family. As the composition of the family unit has changed since the 1950’s, so have the ways in which families regard their contributions to society. In spite of the changes in families over the years, some things have not changed. No matter what the structure of the family unit, the same societal expectations exist as always. It is still expected that a family, traditional or non-traditional, will have someone within the structure who will take on the financial responsibility of providing for the family unit. The fact that 18% of children under the age of 18 are living in a household with only one parent doesn’t change the role of that family unit. Society, as a whole, has changed the way the family unit is conceived, and it is no longer seen as the two-parent, one-breadwinner famil y of the past. It is predicted that the trend of modern vs. traditional families will continue throughout the 21st Century. This switch does not mean that families will no longer be together to do family things or that there will no longer be a role model for the children, but rather simply that the structure of the family unit will not be the same as in the 1950’s and earlier. The change in family structure means nothing more than the home may not be headed by the father of the children but may be headed by the mother, another relative, or in the case of a gay/lesbian relationship, one of the partners. Does this reduce the service they provide to society? Not by any means, it does no more that reallocate the distribution of that service from the traditional family breadwinner to another member of the family unit. In the case of a couple, married or not, who have ended the

M1A3 - Organizatinal Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

M1A3 - Organizatinal Behavior - Research Paper Example Secondly, there is the mental model in which the personal beliefs of an employee towards the company influence their work put. The third concept of transformation is personal mastery that is primarily an individual staff member’s commitment to the betterment of their knowledge through continuous acquisition of knowledge to the advantage of the company and themselves. The fourth concept is the team learning aspect in which the team members strive to learn from each other new ideas benefitial to the company in terms of performance. In addition, the fifth concept is the common goal or the company has shared vision, which all the employees share as the benchmark to which the success of the company should measure up (Marquardt, 2011). Sequentially, this paper will highlight a company in which the transformational aspect will apply effectively to move it in to a learning institution. The broader principles that will form the base of the transformed company will also factor. Recommendations to the company through ethical, cultural, motivational and management improvement will also feature in the paper. Virgin is a British airline owned by British Millionaire Sir Richard Branson. The millionaire has a share percentage of sixty-one, and the other share belongs to Singapore Airlines. This airline has a mixture of airbus and Boeing jets operating across all continents from its operation bases in Heathrow and Gatwick airports. It is the eight largest passenger couriers in the U K due to its passenger volume capacity. However, the company made a loss of over eighty billion pounds at the beginning of February 2012. Ideally, it is one of the few airline companies in the world to own bio-fueled airplanes. In addition, its main rival in the airline sector is the British Airways since its inception in to the international market (Thomson & Martin, 2005). This was because British Airways acted as a monopoly for long as being the only British Airline

This paper should persuade the reader that college students are full Essay

This paper should persuade the reader that college students are full adults and should be totally responsible for their morals, - Essay Example Students in college are of this age; hence, they should be responsible for their actions. At such an age, they should be morally upright, and reason before acting in a certain way. Many students have undergone the adolescence stage hence they are aware of their body reactions and the consequences if they do certain acts (Davis and Murrell). If one engages himself in immoral practices, there are consequences such as pregnancy or sexually transmitted maladies. One graduates to college after undergoing the lower primary education, therefore, he/she joins college to specialize in a dream career. In college, one is supposed to work hard to realize the career, and exemplify accountability for academic outcomes. A college student has an understanding, unlike toddlers who rely on their guardians to know what to do and who to follow. In many colleges, there are disciplines such as sociology and ethics which are meant to streamline student behavior. A student who is immoral or has bad behavior s in colleges is merely because of ignorance. Many students in college are irresponsible because there is no one to watch over them. Many travel distances to acquire education in far places. However, this does not mean there is no one to guide them in life: in many colleges, a dean of students is there to offer guidance. These dean deal with students affairs and they also advice a student who is stuck in a certain situation. Students have no right to behave irresponsibly because there is no one to offer guidance. All matters pertaining disciplinary cases in school are handled by the dean as they offer punish to correct the behavior. Additionally, in colleges, there are religious unions such as the Christian Union that offer divine support to students. Students should attend these gatherings to have good values and to be morally upright. These religious unions are open and they do not discriminate, hence, students should attend these gatherings. There are also peer counselors in coll eges who can offer advice to a student who needs advice on a matter pertaining life (Davis and Murrell). College students are viewed by the community as the leaders of tomorrow. A leader is one who is ethically upright, has complete knowledge of his actions, and is considered mature. The people from his hometown have high expectations of the student hence; one should act in a mature manner. He should also be responsible for his actions so as not to lose the faith the community has in him. After college, one has a dream of being employed in a reputable position. The probable employers are mainly the surrounding community, so a student should maintain a beneficial image. College students are often aware of irresponsible actions such as the usage of drugs. These drugs are responsible for some weird and unconstructive behaviors found in colleges. Through education, a college student should be edified to behave decently. Taking hard drugs leads to various defects in one’s body, wh ich may lead to some permanent or temporary changes in the human body. However, it is habitually the choice of the student to uphold uprightness and act as an adult. College students are entrusted with funds by their parents since they are considered mature (Davis and Murrell). A mature person is one who is trustworthy; hence, parents give students the full responsibility to coordinate their daily being. Students set up budgets to

President Obama's Health care reform Research Paper

President Obama's Health care reform - Research Paper Example coverage, insured families that are only a sickness away from financial ruin as well to as patients whose insurance companies have rebuffed covering them. This law has several components that are outlined in the following paper. This paper is further going to give the case for and case against the law. The health care reform is a comprehensive insurance strategy that aims to ensure that every American has quality health care and it is affordable to them. The aim of the health care reform was to target and ensure that all Americans were insured for their health care in a way that was affordable for the individual, the family and the government at large. The reform’s plan was also to target every individual in America irrespective of whether one had a prior cover or not. This was very vital as the number of uninsured individuals was on the increase as would be compared from the year 2000 during which it was only 13.1% of the Americans. This number went up to 16.3% in the year 2010 (Christie, Para 1). The major reasons for such a big percentage is the increase in restrictions for acquiring health care insurance and the increasing cost of getting the cover as well. Some of the restrictions were the denial of cover for individuals with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes in children and young adults aged 19 and 25 years of age who did not have medical cover in the place where they were working. Furthermore, the high cost was way above the affordability of most middle and low-income earners. The battle to have the legislation about the reform has not been smooth sailing and it has been largely treated as a battle between the democrats against the republicans. On the 7th of November 2009, when the bill was tabled in the house, the democrats had the day by a slight margin of 219 while the republicans had 212 (Kane, Para 1). Later on march the 23rd 2010, president Obama signed the bill into law and that, according to some people, was the light at the end of the

Biometric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometric - Research Paper Example However, research has shown that the mismatched identification in a whispered speech is due to the phonemes hence providing an unvoiced consonant will prevent this mismatched in whispered identification. Key Words- Voice, Phoneme, Biometric Authentication I. RESEACH QUESTION/PROPOSAL A feature information of enrolled person’s biometric information in biometric authentication is normally enrolled as templates that are stored by secure databases and anti-tampered devices. However, the disadvantage is that biometric information is irrecoverable once compromised. Therefore, there is need to give such information special attention in order to ensure they are safely stored. Also due to increased internet penetration and access by many people has raised a need for the implementation of online biometric authentication i.e. a uniform, secure and reliable method of biometric authentication. Therefore, the research proposal in this case is to identify alternatives for the password-based authentication used in most smart devices today. This kind of authentication is vulnerable and can be compromised hence a proposal to focus and introduce better authentication ways i.e. biometric that uses one’s unique biological and psychological features. ... Mobile devices are being stolen daily, which puts in danger important information that had been stored before. [1]. Therefore, a user will hope that his/her password is strong enough not to be decoded. Biometric authentication is giving a natural alternative to passwords. The wide variety of input sensors that mobile devices include nowadays like microphones, camera, PS, touch screens helps with the implementation of biometric authentication. Businesses are requiring an easy to use but secure authentication for their mobile devices in their corporations as well users around the world. Many of the biometric authentications are strong, but others have their limitations. [2] This paper will discuss and will show an improvement in the authentication of voice recognition. I. BACKGROUND Biometric can be classified in to two major categories based on their characteristics i.e. Behavioral Biometric and Physiological Biometric. Behavioral biometric is the study of the differences in how peopl e do things while physiological biometric is the study of physical uniqueness of individual, which is unlikely to change very easily [3]. A. Importance of Voice Authentication Most of the biometric authentications works with sophisticated equipment that requires the physical presence of the person. For example, Retina biometric authentication needs a camera; which are contained in most smartphones. TABLE 1 PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMETRIC AND BEHAVIOR BIOMETRIC Physiological Biometric Behavioral Biometric Voice Scan Iris Scan Finger Print DNA Matching Facial Scan Retina Scan Hand Scan Keystroke Scan Signature Scan Gait Recognition However, a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) which is complement with ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1-96 and IEC 60825-1 standards for radiation have

An assessment of business value of information technology in Literature review

An assessment of business value of information technology in organisations - Literature review Example There are more reasons to justify why it is essential to invest on Information technology, although other fail view Information Technology as a business venture that can pay off after some time (Carlos and Macada, 2012). This discussion will look at the relevant theories and models on IT business values, different views on Information Technology business value and effectiveness and efficiency of information systems to support decision making. In order to understand the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems on decision making a lot of factors must be put into consideration. Using of technical efficiency as a performance criterion when application of individual analytical occurs. Information technology contributions in different countries differ in magnitude from a production point of view due to increase and decrease of the countries technical efficiency. Spending on Information technology will not improve countries technical efficiency. Whether a country is developing o r not, is not a subject to look at in order for it to improve its technical efficiency in the field of information technology. Relevant use of theories and models and good decision makes it possible for a country to have an efficient and effective Information technology. ... Defining the substance of technology, how it changes its relation towards human practices or social structure, and how it emerges are addressed by Descriptive theories. The descriptive theories view that how much force it has in determining human practices or social structure, and how much it addresses the extent in which technology is autonomous substantively. Social construction of technology in connection to descriptive approach states that, technology does not necessarily determine human action; on the contrary it is the human actions that shape technology. Actor-network theory is also necessary theory in business IT. This theory addresses a heterogeneous network of non-humans and humans as similar interrelating actors. Technology acceptance model (TAM) is a well known model that relates to Information technology use and acceptance. This model was originally proposed by Davis in 1986. This theoretical model has continuously proven to be of great help because it predicts and expla ins user behavior of information technology. This model is also considered to be an influential extension of theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Heijden, 2000). Its mandate was to explain why a user rejects or accepts information technology by adapting theory of reasoned action. By the use of technology acceptance model one can menage to get the basis to trace how external forces influence attitude, belief, and intentions to use. There are two cognitive beliefs that are associated with technology acceptance model. These are perceived ease to use and perceived usefulness. According to technology acceptance model, one use of a technology system is manipulated either directly or indirectly by the user’s attitude, behavioral

Social Experiemt Essay Example for Free

Social Experiemt Essay For my sociology experiment, I chose to act like a stranger in my own house. The way I did this was by doing small things such as asking other people, mainly my brothers, to do things such as get me drinks and bring me in my dinner. I noticed while carrying out my experiment that even though my brothers may not have necessarily been happy to be bossed around by me, they still did everything that I asked them to do without question. I think this is because they saw my identity seemed as if it had changed, and they therefore felt that because I was acting like a guest in my own house, that I should be treated in that way. I am going to carry out my experiment by acting like I am a stranger in my own house, by asking other people to do things for me, and also not doing things such as laying down on the couch. I am going to do it during a weekend because it is the time when I am at home for the longest periods of time after I have finished working and it is also when everyone else is most likely to be in. I dont think that there are any ethical implications from me carrying out this experiment, as I dont think that it can cause anyone any long term ill-health or create any side-effects that are long-term. It could possibly cause someone stress whilst I am carrying out my experiment as it could make them be rushed and feel under pressure to do what I tell them to do and could also be very annoying if I was always waiting for them to tell me what to do, such as taking my shoes off when I go in the house. I think that because I was acting in a strange way, they gave me a new social identity, which was not that of a brother or a son, but of a stranger living in the same house as them. Even though I kept my own personal identity, I managed to change my social identity for a small amount of time. Although at first they didnt seem to understand what I was doing by asking them to get me things, they soon realised that if they didnt do it for me that I wouldnt get it at all, so they felt as if they were almost being forced to get things for me. I felt that norms like me being more responsible and having to look after my brothers were no longer in place and that although they knew that I was in charge, they were the ones that ultimately had to take control and act as if they were hosts. I think that towards the end of my experiment that my brothers were getting a bit frustrated with having to do things that I told them to do, and also with them having to tell me where to sit etc. However, my own feelings were not affected, and if anything, I felt as if it was a nice change for me to be able to ask my younger brothers to get me things, instead of the usual situation it is whereby they are always asking me for things.

Family Trusts Law Problem Question

Family Trusts Law Problem Question This question concerns the law of trusts in the family home. Specifically, Mary requires advice on two questions: whether Philip is entitled to a share in the property, 8 Emerald Way, and whether she is able to sell the house now that she and Phillip have split up. TRUST OF THE HOME The starting point in any case is the identity of the legal owner. Here, the property is in the name of Mary. The prima facie position is that she also controls the beneficial interest[1]. Phillip has two arguments that could be used to claim part of the beneficial interest. The first, and stronger, is that there was an agreement that they should beneficially share the ownership. The second is that he has made direct contributions which lead to a presumption of a resulting trust. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST This argument centres on a claim that when the title was put into Mary’s name, there was a common intention to share the beneficial ownership. Philip has only one way of demonstrating such an intention; the reason given for placing the property in Mary’s name. In Eves v Eves[2] the man put the property in his name, giving as an excuse that the female was under 21. Likewise another man claimed reasoned that it would prevent adverse effects on her divorce proceedings[3]. In these cases it was held that, but for the excuse, the property would have been registered jointly. Here, the excuse given was that to place it in Philips name would leave a trail for creditors to follow should his business run into trouble. This would appear to satisfy the Eves[4] and Grant[5] authorities except for a distinguishing feature. It appears that it was Philips suggestion and as such there may be a counter-argument stating that this is not a proper excuse case. The rationale of the authorities suggest that the courts would find that there was an intention that both would have ownership and that only the excuse prevented both being entered on the legal title. Philip would also have to show that he acted to his detriment. The courts have been imprecise on the requirements to satisfy this point. In Grant[6] a partner had contributed to the general expenditure which freed up money to pay the mortgage instalments. She was entitled to a share. In Lloyds Bank v Rosset[7] the House of Lords[8] said that merely maintaining the house would not entitle a partner to a share. In Hammond v Mitchell[9] the partner acted as an unpaid assistant to the business which again was an indirect contribution that was rewarded with a share of the beneficial interest. In this case Philip has paid for the new car; paid expenses for the house, and paid for the holiday to Corfu. While none of these are direct payments to the mortgage, all of them are payments which allowed Mary to pay the mortgage payments. Therefore, Phillip has a strong case under Grant[10] that he should be entitled to a share in the beneficial interest. RESULTING TRUST If the court were to find against Philip on either of the above points, he may still claim that a resulting trust arose. He would have to establish that he contributed money to the purchase price of the house. In Springette v Defoe[11], the court ruled that either an original contribution or contributions to the mortgage will suffice. In this case he has not contributed directly to the mortgage. When the house was initially purchased, the couple paid a 5% deposit, in real terms  £5,000. If he contributed anything towards this then he will be able to establish a direct contribution which will entitle him to a beneficial interest. THE SPLIT OF THE BENEFICIAL INTEREST Mary should also be advised on the possible divide that the courts will make should Philip prevail in demonstrating a beneficial interest. Traditionally, for a financial contribution the courts tended to follow the division of the contributions. Since Drake v Whipp[12] this has been less certain with the courts adopting, in their own words, a â€Å"broad brush† approach. In that case, a 20% contribution was rewarded with a 33% beneficial interest. In Drake[13] the distinction between a common intention trust and a resulting trust was emphasised, with an equal split being more likely in the former. She should be warned though that it is possible for Phillip to be awarded an equal share of the property. THE PROBLEM OF SALE If Phillip has a beneficial interest Mary will be a trustee for herself and Phillip. Phillips reaction to an attempted sale will be important. If he consents then naturally there will be no difficulties. If Phillip objected then the crucial point would be the existence of one trustee. Mary would be unable to use the overreaching rules contained in the Land Registration Acts[14]. Mary could still attempt to sell the property but Phillip could attempt to block the sale by seeking relief under section 14 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996. This gives the court a wide discretion to grant an injunction. Given the discretion, it is difficult to predict whether Mary would prevail. The court would take into account the original intention of the parties when purchasing the parties, as well as individual factors that are case dependent.[15] CONCLUSION Mary should be advised that it is likely that Phillip will be awarded a share in the beneficial interest, either by way of common intention trust, or a resulting trust. If Phillip objects to the house being sold, he could seek an injunction pursuant to section 14 of TOLATA. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hanbury and Martin‘Modern Equity’ 16th Ed. pub by Sweet Maxwell Doherty M‘Equity and Trusts’ pub by Old Bailey Press Springette v Defoe (1993) 65 P CR 1 Drake v Whipp (1997) 60 MLR 420 Hammond v Mitchell (1991) 1 WLR 1127 Lloyds Bank v Rosset (1991) 1 AC 10 Eves v Eves (1975) 1 WLR 1338 Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886 Grant v Edwards (1986) Ch 638 1 Footnotes [1] Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886 at 900 [2] (1975) 1 WLR 1338 [3] Grant v Edwards (1986) Ch 638 [4] ibid n2 [5] ibid n3 [6] ibid [7] (1991) 1 AC 107 [8] ibid. obiter [9](1991) 1 WLR 1127 [10] ibid n3 [11] (1993) 65 P CR 1 [12] (1997) 60 MLR 420 [13] ibid [14] 1925 and 2002 Acts [15]

Symbolism in Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Ernest Hemin

Symbolism in Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway In his short story Cat in the Rain, Ernest Hemingway uses imagery and subtlety to convey to the reader that the relationship between the American couple is in crisis and is quite clearly dysfunctional. In other words, the reader has to have a symbolic reading of the images. In fact, what seems to be a simple tale of an American couple spending a rainy afternoon inside their hotel room serves as a great metaphor for their relationship. This symbolic imagery, hided behind common objects, gives the story all its significance. This short story contains a great number of striking and literary symbols. In a symbolic reading, the opening paragraph describes the crisis that exists in the marriage of the couple. In other words, the description of the bad weather, of the "empty square"[1](l.10) and of their isolation, reflects this conflict and also sets the negative mood. In fact, since the beginning, Ernest Hemingway insists on the isolation of the couple that "does not know any of the people they passed" (ll.1-2) and are "only two Americans"(l.1). Here it is interesting to notice that they are isolated from the outside world but also from each other. There is no communication and they have no contact, they are distant from each other. Then this isolation is accentuated because of the weather, it is raining. The rain is part responsible for the fact that they have to stay in their room. Nevertheless, the rain has a symbolic meaning together with the description of the public garden. It represents as suggests the critic John V. Hagopian the "lack of fertility"[2] (p.230) . This lack is a... ...t the cat, the story would lose much of both their colour and clarity. Moreover, Ernest Hemingway has succeeded very well in this story in showing that individualism of the people living with their own problem is in many case the cause of split and despair. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1]All further references are to this edition : Ernest Hemingway, "Cat in the Rain" . The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway, ed. Jackson J. Berson (Dwham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1975). [2] John V. Hagopian, "Symmetry in 'Cat in the Rain'", College English, XXIV (December 1962). [3] John V. Hagopian, "Symmetry in 'Cat in the Rain'", College English, XXIV (December 1962). [4] John V. Hagopian, "Symmetry in 'Cat in the Rain'", College English, XXIV (December 1962).

The Shock of the novel The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lot

The Shock of the novel The Lottery by Shirley Jackson The first time I read â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, I thought it would be about someone in a desperate situation who wins a large amount of money. However, after reading the story I was shocked and disgusted like millions of other readers because of what the â€Å"lottery† was all about. After my shock wore off I thought about why the author had chosen to be so cynical. It occurred to me that she needed to shock people into changing for the better. She believed that the biggest problem in her society were the people who would live their lives without thinking about changing themselves for the better. She stresses the importance of questioning the validity of everything as opposed to conforming blindly to the majority. She portrays her message best through the characters that actually voice their opinion against the lottery and the characters who respond to them. While those opposed are the voice of reason, they are dismissed by the majority in different ways throughout the story. Firstly we see Mr. Adams questions Old Man Warner about the validity of the lottery when he says, â€Å"over in the north village they’re talking of giving up the lottery.† Old Man Warner, who represents the extreme right part of the majority, retorts with disgust and calls them a â€Å"pack of crazy fools.† The next person to speak up is Mrs. Adams, who is defending her husband to Old Man Warner. She informs the old man that there are place...

Free Essay: The Odor of Chrysanthemums :: Chrysanthemums Essays

The Odor of Chrysanthemums The locomotive engine may be symbolic of Walter. It is an overwhelming thing, strong and powerful, the way that Walter is a huge part of her life. However, it is also impersonable and cold, just as her relationship to her husband is. Her moments with her husband, like "the winding engine" are hurried "with brief pauses" (2113). Lawrence describes their intimacy as an "exchanging of nakedness," but without any real connection for long periods of time. The color red seems to symbolize death. The beginning of the story presents the pit bank with "flames like red sores like its ashy sides" (2111). However, death is not presented as a dreadful thing in this story. In the end, death is freedom for Elizabeth. Even John says, " I do think its beautiful to look in the fire . . . . It's so red, and full of little caves-- and it feels so nice" (2114). In a way, he is commenting on the mystery and beauty of passing on to the afterlife. When Elizabeth goes to look for her husband, there, again, is "The red smear of the burning pit bank on the night (2117). Finally, she lays her dead husband on "the old red tablecloth" (2121). D. H. Lawrence's parents did not have a good marriage. They probably did not know each other well before their marriage, as they were ill-suited for each other. The Bates do not really know one another; they are married but strangers. Lawrence's father was an abusive alcoholic. Walter Bates frequents the public house. Characters: Elizabeth Bates: stifled, long-suffering, distant but caring with her family. John Bates: curious, headstrong. Walter Bates: Insensitive, absent. "Was this what it all meant--utter, intact separateness, obscured by the heat of living?" Elizabeth is questioning the reason for living. Particularly, she is wondering at her own existence. Her life seems to have no meaning and she does not connect with any one, especially her husband. "I have been fighting a husband who did not exist . . .and her soul died in her for fear." Walter did exist, but not as a true husband to her, nor she a true wife to him.

Marriott Corp: the Cost of Capital

To : President, Marriott Corporation From : FLO299 Subject : Marriott Corporation – The Cost of Capital Date : April 6, 2010 The Importance of the Cost of Capital The cost of capital is important as it forms the basis for Marriott’s investing and financial decisions. By understanding and knowing the cost of capital, Marriott is able to select relevant investment projects for the company, determine incentive compensation, and repurchase undervalued shares when needed. The returns of a project were found by discounting the appropriate cash flows against the appropriate hurdle rates. Without knowing the cost of capital, Marriott would not be able to determine hurdle rates that would help Marriott’s growth. Also, knowing the cost of debt would allow Marriott to optimize the use of debt in the company’s capital structure. Knowing the hurdle rates on a divisional level would also enable Marriott to reward their managers using incentive compensation. By using hurdle rates, Marriott managers would be â€Å"more sensitive to Marriott’s financial strategy and capital market conditions† and would give the company a more accountable method of rewarding their employees. Lastly, Marriott’s method of calculating a â€Å"warranted equity value† for its common shares required knowing the company’s equity cost of capital. A share price that was below the â€Å"warranted equity value† signaled to Marriott when the company needed to step in to repurchase its stock as the company believed that repurchases of shares were a better use of Marriott’s cash flow and debt capacity than acquisitions or owning real estate. Computing Marriott’s WACC The cost-of-capital was computed both divisionally and overall for the company. It required using the formula WACC = (1-t_)RD(D/V) + RE(E/V). D and E are the market values of the debt and equity respectively and V (market value) = D+E. RD and RE are the pretax cost of debt and cost of equity respectively and t is the corporate tax rate. The Numbers Used in Marriott’s WACC A 34% tax rate rate will be assumed for simplicity's sake so more effort can be focused on other issues . The above WACC calculation uses market value of debt. Cost of debt can be observed directly by calculating the yield to maturity of outstanding bonds, but since the bond market is not very transparent and we know Marriott's unsecured debt is A-rated, the company can expect to pay a spread above some base rate. Which index to use should be determined by project life, and as lodging is based on a long term business model, a 30-year treasury bond is appropriate. In this case, the base is 8. 95% according to Tabe B and the spread for the overall company is 130 basis points according to Table A. Also found in Table A, Marriott set a target of the debt percentage in its capital structure to be 60% for the overall company. Because there is no way of directly observing the return that equity investors require, we rely on a couple of methods to estimate it. A dividend growth model can be used, and although simply to use, this approach assumes steady dividend growth. This approach also does not directly adjust for the riskiness of a project. An alternative approach is to use CAPM, which does not rely on dividend growth and does take both the market risk premium and systematic risk into consideration. Using CAPM to estimate the cost of equity we use the following formula: _E(R)=Rf+ {draw:frame} *MRP_. Rf is the same risk-free base rate used to calculate cost of debt, in this case, 8. 95% from Table A. The {draw:frame} is obtained from regression using market data and therefore is affected by leverage. To adjust for this, the B is unlevered and then relevered so that it is the B for business risk only, independent of capital structure. With due consideration given to each input, Appendix A is a computation of Marriott's WACC, 11. 87%, which is also the required rate of return for the company overall. The Use of Marriott’s WACC in Divisional Decisions Marriott can use the computed WACC to support its stock repurchasing decisions because it allows the equity cash flows to be discounted at a company level rate. But because each cost of capital input could differ amongst its divisions, the cost of capital varies across each. If Marriott used the above calculated WACC for all divisional decisions, it would cause the company to take on riskier projects, projects that once risk adjusted would likely cause the company to lose money in the long run. A better approach would be to use individual {draw:frame} for each project with CAPM to calculate the WACC for each project and compare it to IRR. Determining Divisional WACC To estimate the WACC for each division, we need their corresponding {draw:frame} . To do this we use comparable companies for each division; this is because we cannot run regressions at the divisional level as that information is not available. For the lodging division, we compare other hotel companies, for the restaurant division, we compare other restaurants, and for the contract services division we use the identity: {draw:frame} M=WL* {draw:frame} L+WR {draw:frame} R+WCS {draw:frame} CS. The identifiable assets in Exhibit 2 will be used to compute the weights of each division. Once again, because the information is actual market numbers, {draw:frame} E is affected by leverage and must be unlevered by multiplying it by 1 – market leverage. This results in {draw:frame} A which is business risk, independent of capital structure. Asset risk is the only thing that is comparable across firms. Within each divisional comparison to comparable companies, weighted average of {draw:frame} A is used as smaller companies have less impact on the overall segment. These numbers are shown in Exhibit 3. The WACC for each division is found in Appendix B to D. Differences in WACC Appendix A: Marriott’s Overall WACC Calculation Appendix B: Marriott’s WACC for Lodging Appendix C: Marriott’s WACC for Restaurants Appendix D: Marriott’s WACC for Contract Services Identifiable lodging assets = 2777. 4 WL = 60. 61% {draw:frame} L = . 57 Identifiable restaurant assets = 567. 6 WR = 12. 39% {draw:frame} R = . 75 Identifiable contract services assets = 1237. 7 WCS= 27. 00% {draw:frame} CS = solve for this below {draw:frame} M=WL* {draw:frame} L+WR {draw:frame} R+WCS {draw:frame} CS 0. 57 = . 6061*0. 42 + . 12390. 75 + . 2700 {draw:frame} CS {draw:frame} CS = 0. 57

Dozier: Foreign Exchange Market and Forward Contract

Dozier Industries has three options to choose from when deciding on the best way to handle their first non-US dollar denominated receivable: 1. Entering into a forward contract in which Dozier would sell forward British Pounds. 2. Execute a spot market transaction to create a synthetic forward hedge. 3. Do not hedge against any fluctuations between the Pound and the Dollar. For the purpose of the analysis, there are several assumptions made which are pertinent to the analysis that follows (see appendix). Forward Contract Hedge The first option available to Dozier Management to hedge the risk of the Great British Pound (GBP) depreciating against the United States Dollar (USD) is to enter into a contract to sell forward ? 1,057,500 for USD in 90 days. Therefore, on April 14th, when Dozier receives the remaining GBP from the security system contract, it would be required to deliver these GBP to the counterparty of the forward contract. This option would make the firm immune to any fluctuations in the value of GBP relative to USD over the next 90 days as the firm would lock in the USD/GBP exchange rate for their receivable of ? ,057,500. At the current 3-month forward rates of (1. 4198 USD/GBP), Dozier would capture guaranteed proceeds of $1,501,438. 50. Dozier also received ? 117,500 as deposit for the contract. The firm could sell this deposit on the spot foreign exchange market at the current rate of 1. 437 USD/GBP and receive $168,847. 50. Investing the proceeds of the deposit in a U. S. money market accou nt would yield $171,988. 00 in 90 days. It is important to note that since the contract was settled on December 3rd, the GBP depreciated by over 3% (from (1. 820 to 1. 437 USD/GBP). As a result of this movement, the USD value of the deposit was reduced by the same 3% from $174,135. 00 to $168,847. 50. Under the strategy of using the forward contract hedge, the firm would be assured of receiving a total of $1,673,426. 50 ($1,501,438. 50 plus $171,988. 00). Given the total cost of the project of $1,642,783, the firm would realize a profit of $30,643. 50, a margin of 1. 87%. This profit margin would be significantly below the projected 6% return. Spot Market Hedge An alternative to the forward contract hedge is Dozier could create a matching liability for the GBP receivable by borrowing GBP from the bank, immediately exchanging the GBP for USD in the spot foreign exchange market and then investing the USD proceeds in a three month deposit. At the time the receivable comes due, Dozier would use the GBP proceeds to repay the liability and keep the USD amount of the three month profit. These series of transactions would eliminate the risk of the depreciation of the Pound. GBP funding is available at a rate of 15% (13. 50% GBP prime rate plus 150 basis point credit spread). To create a GBP liability of ? 1,057,500 GBP in 90 days, the firm would need to borrow its present value of ? 1,021,188. 50. The firm would then receive $1,467,447. 88 at the current exchange rate. As the USD investment would be over $1. 0 million it would be classified as a large deposit and qualify for the premium interest rate. As in the previous scenario, Dozier would immediately exchange the ? 117,500 deposit into $168,847. 50. The total proceeds of $1,636,295. 38 could then be invested in a deposit bearing 8%, earning interest of $31,787. 57 over 90 days. The firm would receive a total of $1,668,082. 4 from the initial deposit, the principle and interest in the three month investment. Given the project costs stated above, the firm would realize a profit of $25,299. 94, representing a margin of 1. 54%. Spot Market Hedge The final option available to Dozier Management is to leave the 1,057,500 GBP receivable un-hedged. If the GBP were to appreciate against the USD over the next 9 0 days, Dozier would reap the full benefit of this appreciation. Conversely, should the GBP depreciate versus the USD over the next 90 days, Dozier would suffer a loss equal to the percent depreciation of the pound to the dollar. In a scenario where the USD/GDP exchange rate moves by  ±10%, the Dozier’s profits would range between negative $96,471. 13 (or 5. 9% of cost, making the project a loss) and $207,819. 16 (or 12. 65% of cost, effectively doubling the profit margin). Conclusion Dozier can capture a profit through both of the hedging strategies albeit it being smaller than the target six percent originally built into the bid. An un-hedged position is unacceptable due to the firm’s recent financial difficulties – it is critical that Dozier profits from this initial venture into this new market. While leaving the receivable un-hedged alternative does offer the greatest potential profit at the current prevailing FX rates, these profits are not guaranteed (see appendix for profit/loss possibilities given GBP/USD FX fluctuations). Given the importance of locking in a profit and the uncertainty of the GBP/USD future exchange rates, we recommend Dozier hedges the ? 1,057,500 receivable by exchange rate in Appendix Assumptions: †¢All transactions are executed immediately. †¢All transaction costs surrounding the forward contract are negligible. †¢All rates given in Exhibit 4 will not fluctuate over the 90 day time span. Deposits over $1 million are eligible for the three month deposit rate. Calculation of Profits: Spot Market Hedge Deposit Amount $ 168,847. 50 Interest Received $ 28,507. 45 Principal Amount $ 1,467,447. 88 Total $ 1,664,802. 82 Cost of Project $ 1,642,783. 00 Interest on Initial Deposit $ 3,280. 12 Net Profit on Project $ 25,299. 95 Profit Margin on Project1. 54% Currency Forward Hedge Receivable GBP $ 1,057,500. 00 Short GBP $ (1,057,500. 00) Long USD @ 3 month Fwd $ 1,501,438. 50 Deposit $ 168,847. 50 Cost of Project $ 1,642,783. 00 Interest on Initial Deposit $ 3,140. 50 Net Profit on Project $ 30,643. 50 Profit Margin on Project1. 87% Profit Margin Scenario Analysis FX Rates% ChgUSD EquivalentCost of ProjectDepositProfit/LossProfit Margin 1. 30 -10. 0% $ 1,374,323. 87 $ 1,642,783. 00 $171,988. 00 $ (96,471. 13)-5. 87% 1. 31 -9. 0% $ 1,388,205. 93 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (82,589. 07)-5. 03% 1. 33 -8. 0% $ 1,402,228. 21 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (68,566. 79)-4. 17% 1. 34 -7. 0% $ 1,416,392. 13 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 0 $ (54,402. 87)-3. 31% 1. 35 -6. 0% $ 1,430,699. 13 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (40,095. 88)-2. 44% 1. 37 -5. 0% $ 1,445,150. 63 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (25,644. 37)-1. 56% 1. 38 -4. 0% $ 1,459,748. 11 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ (11,046. 89)-0. 67% 1. 39 -3. 0% $ 1,474,493. 04 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 3,698. 04 0. 23% 1. 41 -2. 0% $ 1,489,386. 91 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 18,591. 91 1. 13% 1. 42 -1. 0% $ 1,504,431. 23 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 33 ,636. 2 2. 05% 1. 44 0. 0% $ 1,519,627. 50 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 48,832. 50 2. 97% 1. 45 1. 0% $ 1,534,823. 78 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 64,028. 77 3. 90% 1. 47 2. 0% $ 1,550,172. 01 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 79,377. 01 4. 83% 1. 48 3. 0% $ 1,565,673. 73 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 94,878. 73 5. 78% 1. 50 4. 0% $ 1,581,330. 47 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 110,535. 47 6. 73% 1. 51 5. 0% $ 1,597,143. 77 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 126,348. 77 7. 69% 1. 3 6. 0% $ 1,613,115. 21 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 142,320. 21 8. 66% 1. 54 7. 0% $ 1,629,246. 36 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 158,451. 36 9. 65% 1. 56 8. 0% $ 1,645,538. 83 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 174,743. 83 10. 64% 1. 57 9. 0% $ 1,661,994. 22 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 191,199. 22 11. 64% 1. 59 10. 0% $ 1,678,614. 16 $ 1,642,783. 00 $ 171,988. 00 $ 207,819. 16 12. 65% Notes: *All numbers rounded to the nearest one-hundredth decimal place. *No probability weighting given to each sc enario.

Economics commentary †China set to introduce new rules on smoking in public Essay

China’s economy is known as one of the strongest economies in the world, as they achieved a very high recorded rate of growth domestic product in 2010 with 10.3%, as well as china is one of the main exporters worldwide, all of these are reasons why China has a powerful role in the world economy. But unfortunately this power could be in dangerous if the economy faces market failure. Market failure occurs when there is a misallocation of resources according to the price mechanism towards the social optimal way caused by the failure of the market signal function to identify the efficient and exact outcomes (Mankiw, 2011). Which consequence externalities, In our market failure case, there is something called negative externality, which means that the third party, who are neither the consumer nor the producer, they are the society, known as the marginal social (MSb/c). This good produced is harmfully or damagingly affecting the society. Therefore there is misallocation of resources. Traditionally Government intervenes by adding to the basic price, taxes to lower the demand on the good which influences the social and private cost positively by lowering their quantities as shown in {figure A}. Concerning the article, the negative externality is present in china due to cigarettes supported by the fact that 1 out of 3 people is smoking, which is considered a negative pick rate, which surely affects the environment and the third party, as mentioned above. This fact, and the increase of cigarettes consumption, makes â€Å"The country’s authorities believe smoking kills more than one million people every year and that figure is predicted to triple by 2030†. This statement is a very dangerous signal for china, mentioning that Chinese future is unsafe concerning both socially and economically as well, because â€Å"Smoking is a very old Chinese tradition† , which actually affects negatively the economical issues. Cigarettes are considered as demerit good. The Government has different ways to intervene and to either stop selling this kind of product or to lower its impact on the society. They can either put legislations by law to limit the quantity produced by the supplier for example for this particular good, or by banning, ban the production or consumption of a certain good that causes a negative externality, or may be by advertising to influence producers and consumers and warn. or finally by taxation, the act to put a high tax on demerit goods, which is the very known and traditional way of lowering the consumption of a good having negative externalities (Mankiw, 2011), Also the tradable permits, which could be a solution in other situations, but it may have a relation to the Chinese one, as we know the production of cigarettes is surely harming the environment so that they can use the tradable permits to minimize the supply of cigarettes. All of these are ways for the government to attempt to correct market failure by influencing both supply and demand for goods. This is exactly the situation in China, cigarettes has a negative impact generally and increasing day after day its negative effects on the society, thus the government decided to make new strict rules to lower this impact as mentioned in the article, so this directly mean that the Chinese government has decided to weather apply legislation or ban more powerfully beside their stable taxation and their advertising influence. But in the situation of china they have many limitations and variable parameters that will surely affect their decisions as that The tobacco companies have huge influence in the whole Chinese industry, which means that banning couldn’t be the correct way to solve their problem as The government operates a monopoly on tobacco sales, which brings in huge amounts of source to the government as tax receipts, also at legislation may be at the same situation of banning because some Campaigners say it is difficult to promote anti-smoking policies for the reason that china is one of the biggest suppliers and producers of cigarettes as the foreign countries franchise in china for the low labor income, (Arnold, 2007) so that puts china in a bad situation as lack of transparency which may lead to internal political problems†¦for example, if they legalize and allow franchisor to come, they may lose the confidence of people. For the reason that foreign companies come to china to produce their cigarettes because â€Å"The cost of a packet of cigarettes is significantly lower in China than in many western countries†. The solution which may help the Chinese government to interfere and either to correct the market failure economically if happens or socially to help the society to maintain good health and social wellbeing (Arnold, 2007), is actually the taxation by increasing very high percentage of tax {figure B}, after putting in consideration all of the limitations, the use of taxation is the ideal solution. To conclude, we can say that the government has to keep the market under surveillance because the market is left totally free, surely will appear overproduction of goods having negative externalities as demerit goods, as cigarettes or goods that passes from steps in production that pollute the environment, causing circumstances as spreading different diseases and danger for all living organisms which leads socially to high death rate and economically on the long term to economical crisis. Therefore, government has to interfere, to limit the extent of demerit goods on the free market, to insure a safe future both economically and socially. Bibliography Arnold, R. A. (2007). Microeconomics. switzerland: thomas south-western. Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of Economics Study Guide. New City : Cengage Learning.

Post Facto Research

1. What is the meaning of research? There are various definitions of research. According to John . W. Best, research is a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, resulting in prediction for seeing and possibly ultimate control of events. On the other hand, Clifford Woody defined research as a careful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something. Furthermore, Mouley defined research as a process of arriving at dependable solution to the problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. According to Martyn Shuttleworth (Oct 3, 2008), in the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Kothari (2002) described research as a systematic investigation to find solution to a problem. 2. What is the importance of research? Research is very much beneficial to everyone in the society. According to Ayesha Afsar, research is important because it gives direction to deal with a specific problem. Whether the problem is thoroughly solved or not is not the forte of the research work. Accumulating amicable and all the possible solutions hypothetically are in itself considered a commendable achievement. Moreover, as stated by Michelle Lowe, research can help us to explore education and the education process. It can help us to answer questions about learning and teaching. Prince Samuels also added that research is very vital to our everyday decision making. It arms us from wrong information and save time and money. It is important to our success as we take on life's challenges and career decisions making. Furthermore, Joe Gilbert stated that research is important when conducted correctly because it helps us to understand and possibly even solve existing or possible problems in the world. This could be anything from social issues to medical breakthroughs. Governments carry out research all of the time in order to come to conclusions about policies and strategies. They will often choose experts in the particular field to go out and carry out in-depth research to help them out. Without this research and knowledge, it would be difficult to make a change in the world. It would also mean that changes wouldn't be fully considered which could result in bigger problems in the long run. 3. What are the kinds of research? As emphasized by C. R. Kothari, the following are the different kinds of research: Basic Research deals with the formulation of theory; gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research; pure research is â€Å"research made without any idea of application to industrial matters but solely with the view of extending our knowledge of the Laws of Nature. † * Applied {action} Research focuses at finding a solution for immediate problem; helps in discovering a solution for some pressing practical problem; is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields [pure research] to solving practical problems Descriptive/ex post facto research includes survey facts finding inquires it focuses on two aspects: {a}What has happened? {b}What is happening? * Correlational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation. * Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects or a phenomenon. Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where a little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study {feasibility/ pilot study}. It is the development of hypothesis rather than their testing. Exploratory research often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies or pilot studies Historical research is the type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what has happened in the past. * Experimental research is defined essentially as research in which the causal (independent) variable(s) can be manipulated in order to change an effect Because of this element of manipulation, researchers in using experimental methods are expected to maintain a good degree of control throughout the period of the study to establish with confidence that cause and effect occurred. (Dr. Anthony G. Picciano) * Constructive research is mainly done by many technological corporates in order to find new/alternative solutions to any particular crisis or problems. For example-renewable energy research or development of the capacity of optical fiber may fall into this category of research. * Empirical research is very impressive observational type of research, where one observes or test on real-life data or analysis the pattern of some specific events in order to identify the nature or the class of trend that specific phenomenon maintains. Based on the test result, researchers try to draw lines in order to predict the result of that type of incidents with certain level of confidence. 4. What are the characteristics of research? According to Ranjit Kumar, the following are the characteristics of research: * Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. * Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. * Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study. * Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. * Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. * Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

The problems and development of preschool education in China Dissertation

The problems and development of preschool education in China - Dissertation Example As such, it is important that the quality of management and teaching staff is up to certain standards nationwide so that young children are more adequately prepared for transition into primary school at age 4. That is the focus of this study. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 6 Summary 6 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature 8 Chapter 3: Methodlogy 16 Research Method and Design Appropriateness 17 Research Questions 18 Population 19 Sampling Frame 20 Informed Consent 22 Confidentiality 23 Geographic Location 23 Data Collection 24 Data Collection Procedures 25 Instrumentation 27 Validity and Reliability 27 Internal validity. 28 External validity. 28 Reliability 28 Data Analysis 29 Summary 30 Chapter 4: Results 32 Data Collection Procedures 32 Interview Questions 36 Data Analysis and Results 40 Experience, Qualification, and Training 40 Current Training Opportunities 41 Leadership Style 42 Level of Work in Chinese Preschools 43 Pre paration for Primary School 44 Chapter Five: Conclusions 45 Appendix A: Pre-Screening Interview 47 Appendix B: Personal Interview Questions 48 Appendix C: Informed Consent 50 References 51 1. Introduction Many countries around the world have long debated the importance of preschool programs. Some tout the developmental advantages of children who attend such educational institutions from a very young age, while others insist that just as many advantages exist when children stay and play at home during this time. In China, preschool education begins as early as 1 year old. Typically, Chinese youngsters will attend preschool until 3 years of age, when they graduate into a more formal kindergarten program. In China, however, part of the problem exists in the disparity between urban and rural areas. In regards to preschool education, this separation is particularly noticeable and telling. In urban areas of China, preschool is a full time business. Parents can send their children to schoo l, as young as one year of age, either full time or part time. In addition, there is a growing trend towards boarding preschools, where parents can send their children during the week and bring them home for the weekend. Arguably, many contend that such a serious focus on educating such young children is a bit pretentious, while others insist that children attending such preschools gain a valuable edge as they enter primary school. The concept of preschool, however, has hit a difficult patch in rural areas. Most rural families either must pay to have their young children boarded in an urban preschool, or they are forced with the option of far inferior programs in their neighboring villages. Rural, remote, and poor areas of China typically see preschools that are more typical of Western style nursery (day care) centers. In addition, preschools in rural areas are often seasonal in nature, as the teachers typically have other duties to attend to on farms during certain times of the yea r. Recent years have seen an explosion in the number of preschool’s offered nationwide, primarily as a result of a government initiative that provides such educational offerings to children as young as one year of age. Basically, a combination of state, collective bodies, and private citizens has worked together to expand preschool offerings throughout the country of China. This is response

American old film class Gone with the Wind and Red River Essay

American old film class Gone with the Wind and Red River - Essay Example But when we go through the actual history, we could realize that the slave trade was a peak cause for the out burst of the civil war, and also we could understand the slave trade and the treatment of slaves, the minimal or zero freedom given to them even to make decision in their daily activities etc. This aspect seems to be missing in this film, though the term ‘darkies† has been referred to the black slave characters who appear in the screen, is one of the influences of the history and the sentiments of the civil war. The photography of the Old South, the plantations of the Tara, where the heroine wants to take refugee with her family, is all resemblances of the Civil War period. But then the cinematic effect could be identified as aloof from reality. The character of Mammy, one of the happiest of black slaves is found out to be an exceptional slave, as she seems to be a very happy person, utilizing the full freedom in her household. This aspect, as mentioned above deviates from the historical notion or the Civil War notion of how a salve was treated during that time. Freedom was a constraint for the slaves during the Civil war time. Coming to the Red River, the cattle herding, which was found out to be the most profitable income for the cowboys and which also gave a good recognition for the cowboys during the time when Chisholm Trial was opened. This event was also taken place during the time of Civil War. On the whole both the movies were centered on the years 1850-1870. The location, Texas, where the film was shoot is yet another point for the success of this movie. But coming to the point of cattle herds that were driven through the trial, is becomes quiet doubtful whether the cattle herds shown in the movie driven by Dunstan really bring out an accurate picture or effect of the original historical incident. Because it has been recorded in many history books that there were thousands and

NTT DoComo Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NTT DoComo Case Analysis - Essay Example omoted, if we do decide to include eMoney payments in FeliCa phones, and whether credit card functionalities should be included, and if yes, the right business model. The major strengths and weaknesses against the various options have been evaluated. The analysis clearly points to the weight that needs to be attached to DoCoMo’s potential fist-mover advantage in offering contactless IC technology built into a mobile phone, and the fact that the key strengths of DoCoMo have been derived from innovative solutions offered in the telecommunications industry itself by DoCoMo leading to immense benefits, as exemplified by the innovative strategies employed while launching â€Å"i-mode† services back in 1999, and again in the revolutionary launch of 3G (FOMA) services in 2001. While the prime concerns are related to security in financial transactions, and the acceptability of separate readers by the merchant outlets, the proposed strategies address these concerns after careful analysis. The final recommendations strongly advocate diversification into financial services with the Mobile FeliCa offering, thus gaining first-mover advantage, a conscious strategy for striking alliances in both the eMoney space as well as the credit card space, capitalizing on the network effects. These will result in both additional revenue streams, as well as in pre-empting competition from tying up with the known leaders in the market. Thus a phased implementation plan has been recommended covering installation of Edy readers at 12,000 outlets in 6 months, immediate alliances with JR East and JCB for eMoney, and a proactive involvement in promoting a joint initiative for reader interoperability with bitWallet, JR East and JCB by end-2005. The recommendations also include DoCoMo’s own phone-based credit launch, targeted at upgrading the FOMA subscriber base, as well as non-exclusive partnerships with Visa, MasterCard and JCB. To address the security concern, it is recommended tha t DoCoMo

Journey of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey of life - Essay Example Each family member is supportive of each other’s needs as evidenced by frequent interaction and meeting, communication, and eating together. Ever since I can remember, as a young child, we were taught to respect the older members of the family. Every member can help other one without asking to return the favor. I have therefore been brought up to show love, support, and concern for each family member and as such, the bonds we shared have continued to be strong as all siblings went through the various developmental stages. The relationships that have been established during my lifetime consisted of forming friendships in school and within the neighborhood. My parents have reminded me to choose my friends carefully since some people could make bad influences in one’s life through the activities that are shared and undertaken. Therefore, I learned to be selective of friends who make my life better through sharing productive activities and experiences that enhance learning, knowledge and assist in the development of skills and abilities. The friends developed during school years have become my constant circle of friends whom I get to interact with frequently as we all make memorable events that became basis for productive learning. From the time that I transferred and pursued my studies in the United States, the circle of friends grew larger as it comprised of people from diverse cultural backgrounds. I therefore realized that the wealth of knowledge gained from sharing experiences with diverse pe ople is more enriching and rewarding. For me the school provided the most significant impact in my life, second to my family. So far, school activities have been a positive experience since I was a very young child, until the present times. Academic events include complying with academic project, assignments, group works, joining extra-curricular activities, among others. I realized, early on, that by performing well

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

History - Essay Example Death because the bubonic strain is typified by â€Å"large, inflamed lymph nodes around the neck, groin and armpits† that would turn black with the progression of the disease (Hayden, â€Å"History of The Black Death†). The spread of the disease was fast and crossed countries and continents within months as rat fleas feeding on infected black rats, causing the fleas to hunger for more sources of blood, were transported through ships that sailed from the East to the West (Hayden, â€Å"History of The Black Death†). Combined with the unsanitary conditions of the cities back then and contagion became inevitable. â€Å"The violence of this disease was such that the sick communicated it to the healthy who came near them, just as a fire catches anything dry or oily near it† (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). This was evidenced by black flags that were hung on villages and towns that were infected by the plague; almost everywhere these black flags were seen flying in the air (Butler, â€Å"The Black Death and its Impact (c.1300-1450)†). The rapid devastation of village and city populations created an aura of doom and fear—experiences that were never forgotten and gotten over with. Entire families died; survivors did not even have time to mourn their loved ones as the fear of contacting the disease was all-consuming (Holmes 249). People were forced to throw their loved ones in mass graves of ditches without a proper burial ceremony and even a hastened prayer (Holmes 249; James, â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†). â€Å"And there were those who had been so poorly covered with earth that dogs dragged them from there and through the city and fed on corpses† (qtd. in Holmes 249). Experiences like this are etched into the memory of the people and has inadvertently affected the psyche and morale of not only the individual, but of populations worldwide. This has resulted to a change in the way of living, especially for the peasants who were affected greatly as they did not have the

CTE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CTE 3 - Essay Example The Syrian opposition accused the Syrian government of shelling that led to the mass killing. When asked, the government of Syria denied the responsibility and referred to the accusations as baseless allegations, though the accounts could not be verified because of the restricted observers and journalists. â€Å"Those responsible for perpetrating these crimes must be held to account. We cannot allow mass killing to become part of everyday reality in Syria† (Annan cited in Khan, 2012). Last year, commencement of the street uprising among the Syrians has led to the development of a scattered and sprawling force of opposition that attempted to bring the President’s regime down. The White House spokesman Jay Carney noticed elements of threat for the US in the uprisings that he revealed in these words, â€Å"We’ve certainly noted that there are some elements of the opposition that are not necessarily friendly to the United States. They do not make up the bulk of the opposition, and the opposition is not entirely unified, as you know† (Carney cited in Childress, 2012). In December 2012, the US joined the Gulf states, France, Turkey, and Britain to formally identify the opposition of Syria in the National Coalition as Syrian people’s legitimate representative (BBC, 2013). Syria and Turkey have placed ban on providing air space to each other’s planes after five civilians were killed as a result of the Syrian mortar fire on the border of Turkey. President Obama then said that the National Coalition includes and represents the big step. Syria has an effective program of research and development in the area of nuclear energy. Syria is working with Russia and China to develop a program of civilian nuclear energy. In addition to that, in spite of the fact that Syria has signed the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Syria has not yet signed the Additional Protocol NPT. Likewise, Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. Currently, Syria is running a

Interpersonal Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpersonal Management - Assignment Example in an independent manner including being aware of how I can be able to manage time, do presentations and express my views and opinions to other people. These skills are vital as they assist in the development of the aspects that a person needs for the workplace in future. They are integral in the development of confidence as well as self-esteem as they allow a person to learn to be assertive and develop an awareness of the needs of other people. The interpersonal skills learnt are also important as far as teamwork and responsibility is concerned as they make it easier for an individual to manage particular situations. The interpersonal skills that I have learnt have assisted me to understand that I should not be judgmental towards other people and to share ideas while working as a team through communicating with each other (Sen, 2007). All this aspects are integral and important in any workplace, particularly as far as social care is concerned. I have learnt to appreciate the concepts that are necessary for successful and efficient group work and to enjoy group sessions while contributing. I am now more confident that I am able to contribute positively to the success of any workforce while helping others to appreciate the significance of contributing their perceptions and ideas that are relevant to the prevailing situation. I have learnt to understand that every person has a point and there are always people who are willing to learn from what I have to offer. I have developed skills that assist me to work and collaborate with various individuals in different groups where I can listen to the ideas of others while giving my own. However, I have also learnt that some people are selfish with their ideas and do not contribute much in a group settings, instead, they soak up information that has been contributed by other people and add their own ideas from there. Knowledge that is acquired from subjects such as social policy and considering the manner in which different

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay Example for Free

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay As the American Civil War came to an end, an era of phenomenal economic growth was spurred by a second Industrial Revolution. It touched all geographic areas of America, evident in increased farm output and labor efficiency. The magnificent flow of goods generated could be efficiently transported by freshly lain transcontinental railroads made of Bessemer steel. Presiding over these late nineteenth century developments was a new class of extremely wealthy industrialists, the main beneficiaries of the era’s prosperity. They dominated substantial sectors of the new economy such as steel, oil, banking, and rail transportation. While these individuals created and donated outstanding wealth, they also engineered one of American history’s most corrupt and unequally heterogeneous time periods, dubbed the Gilded Age by Mark Twain. Such ambiguity blurs the legacy of these incredible few, who some call â€Å"robber barons† and other call â€Å"captains of industry†. However, neither polarity is completely accurate. The wealthiest Americans during the Gilded Age had both positive and negative effects on American society. While a large group of individuals amassed incredible wealth during the Gilded Age, there existed an even more elite group consisting of individuals that rank among the richest men in history. It included John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Jay Gould, James Fisk, and J. P. Morgan. To understand their later deeds, one must understand the strikingly similar environments in which these men came of age. For example, all of the aforementioned men were born in the Northeast during the Second Great Awakening, an environment in which principles such as self-discipline, frugality and efficiency were highly valued. Preachers of the time period endorsed the Calvinist view that â€Å"where you find the most religion, you find the most worldly prosperity†, while poverty was considered a condition of the lazy and spiritually weak (Chernow 55). Like many others have done in history, the wealthiest industrialists established religion as the concrete foundation on which they justified their actions. With the exception of J. P. Morgan, the most affluent robber barons also grew up with little material means. Carnegie worked as a bobbin boy at age 14, earning about $1. 20 a week, and Rockefeller picked potatoes for 37 cents a day in his youth (â€Å"Andrew Carnegie†, Chernow 32). These challenging living conditions further instilled frugality and grit inside the destined business leaders of America, qualities that would help them conquer industrial America. Most of the future industrialists also entered the business world in their teenage years. Sixteen-year-old Rockefeller so furtively pursued employment that he visited businesses from early morning to late afternoon six days a week for six weeks until he finally found a job as a bookkeeper (Chernow 44-45). Additionally, they were all in their early twenties when the Civil War began. Amusingly, not one of them enlisted; each hired a replacement for $300 instead (Zinn 255). The young entrepreneurs sought to benefit financially during the war instead of fighting in it, although most supported the Union cause (Chernow 70). The road that each of these extraordinary men walked led them into a monumental era. War raged, new industries boomed, and they had the chance to take advantage of their rapidly changing surroundings. Few in history had as fortuitous opportunities as these men who were born in the right place at the right time. The Civil War gave young industrialists an opportunity to flaunt their business acumen during â€Å"wartime prosperity†. However, with the exception of John D. Rockefeller, who quadrupled his and his associate’s company profits and then bought the company through fair and hard work, their ascent during the period was generally cluttered with acts of questionable morality. In one notorious negotiation, J. P. Morgan bought 5,000 rifles for $3. 50 each and sold them for $22 each to an army general, making a handy $90,000. It was later found that the rifles shot off the thumbs of the soldiers using them. However, no compensation was given because the purchase was an authentic legal contract (Zinn 255). In addition, Jay Gould and James Fisk heftily profited from trading railroad stocks. With inside information, they unfairly beat out rival speculators. James Fisk also commonly sold war commodities for triple their market price to desperate armies (Josephson 66). These young men were still largely in a developmental stage during the Civil War, but their actions during the time period heavily foreshadowed their later actions. Postbellum America was said to be â€Å"the most fertile in American history for chemers and dreamers† (Chernow 97). The young industrialists naturally continued to increase their wealth in the decades after the war with blazing speed, but the actions they made to do so further polluted their legacy and adversely affected American society. Perhaps the most notorious robber baron was John D. Rockefeller. During the war, the twenty-five year old had bought his condescending associates out and then opened Cleveland’s largest oil refinery. â€Å"It was the day that determined my career† he later said (Chernow 87). After the war, Rockefeller sought to further expand his business. He established the Standard Oil Company, a trust with $1 million dollars in capital, with the goal of controlling all of the oil industry (Chernow 134). An action that largely epitomizes his company’s chicanery is the formulation of the South Improvement Company, a collusion with three powerful railroads to increase Standard Oil stakes. Under the SIC, Standard Oil would receive a payment for every barrel of oil shipped by his refineries as well as other refineries, a deal that would discourage railroads to ship oil from refineries outside the SIC, virtually rendering it impossible for small refineries to survive. In exchange, Rockefeller promised to meet a daily shipping quota which would stabilize railroad profits (Chernow 136). When struggling Cleveland refineries heard of the SIC plan, they immediately protested. The plan eventually failed; however, while the plan was intact, Rockefeller bought 22 out of 26 Cleveland refineries in one month, a shopping spree dubbed the Cleveland Massacre (Chernow 145). One Cleveland refiner’s daughter said â€Å"Father went almost insane over this terrible upset to his business. His whole life was embittered by this experience†. Countless similar stories were told as Rockefeller ruthlessly conquered the oil industry by means of horizontal integration. â€Å"The day of combination is here to stay. Individualism has gone, never to return† he said (Chernow 148). Whenever legitimate competition arose, Standard Oil took extreme measures to corral it. When a rival pipeline company threatened Standard Oil’s dominance, Standard Oil hired lawyers to act as farmers and landowners who opposed pipeline construction, bought entire valleys of land, persuaded companies to not sell construction supplies to the rival company, and generously bribed legislatures (Chernow 207-209). Using similar coercive means as well as outright bribery, Rockefeller came to control 95% of the oil industry by 1877, eventually accumulating a fortune that makes him the richest man in American history (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 541, Chernow 505). His success inspired countless business leaders to form trusts that further disproportioned American wealth, hence indirectly harming America socioeconomically on top of his colossal direct harm. Other industrial captains also amassed their fortunes at the expense of others. Railroad builders such as James Hill, Vanderbilt, and the Big Four employed Irish and Chinese workers at the cost of one or two dollars a day. Hours were long and the work was dangerous. In just 1889, 22,000 railroad workers were killed or injured (Zinn 256). The most famous demonstration of railroad labor unrest was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 which was triggered by wage cuts. 100 people died, and millions of dollars of property was damaged (Carrigan). The steel industry also generated aggrieved workers. Two-thirds of the workers at Andrew Carnegie’s largest steel manufacturing plant, Homestead, earned $1. 40 every 12 hour workday, barely enough to keep a family above the poverty line of $500/year. Asked about working conditions, one Homestead worker said, â€Å"I lost forty pounds the first three months I came into the business. It sweats the life out of a man. I often drink two buckets of water during the twelve hours; the sweat drips through my sleeves, and runs down my legs and fills my shoes† (Reilly 8). The wealthy inequality created by big businesses like Carnegie’s begot class warfare. In 1892, Homestead workers went on strike after the manager decided to cut wages and break the union. When Pinkerton detectives failed to stop the riot, federal troops were called in (Zinn 276). The Gilded Age naturally produced monopolistic big businesses that were owned by immensely wealthy individuals due to the nature of the technological innovations of the time period. They established an unfortunate precedent of greed and â€Å"survival of the fittest† in American society. One must also never forget the hundreds of thousands of forgotten men who toiled twelve hour workdays to enlarge a few men’s coffers. Much like the actions of the Spanish conquistadores, those of the wealthiest industrialists of the Gilded Age are mainly noted for their detrimental effects. However, this Black Legend of the late nineteenth century is not entirely accurate. It is true that greed and inequality loomed over them; however, they also developed the American supereconomy. For example, aided by the Bessemer process, Andrew Carnegie led a dramatic increase in steel production. In 1880, one million tons of steel were produced. By 1910, output reached 25 million tons, largely thanks to Carnegie’s innovative vertical integration (Zinn 254). Incredibly, before the 20th century, Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all of Great Britain (Roark, Johnson, and Cohen 633). Rockefeller also utilized his unmatched executive skills to create a remarkably efficient business machine. For example, by applying thirty-nine drops of solder on cans of oil instead of forty, he saved $2,500 a year early in his career. In time, this tweak saved the Standard Oil Company hundreds of thousands of dollars, and Rockefeller constantly sought for such minute enhancements (Chernow 180-181). His genius can be seen in his jaw-dropping wealth; in 1902, his income was $58 million, over a billion dollars in 1996 dollars (Chernow 504). From 1865 to 1900, the American economy grew eightfold, and this was largely thanks to the talents of the industrialists who aided America in becoming the world superpower it is today (Watts). The 19th century industrialists also did not solely harm the common man. For example, Rockefeller’s monopolization of the oil industry ruined many common men, but it benefited even more by making kerosene widely available. This was because of Standard Oil’s foundational principle: â€Å"that the larger the volume the better the opportunities for the economies, and consequently the better the opportunities for giving the public a cheaper product without the dreadful competition† (Chernow 150). Rockefeller accomplished just this, as the price of refined oil was cut in half as a result of his enterprise. Because of Rockefeller, millions could light their homes for a penny an hour, a cost that would be much higher if not for Rockefeller’s dominance (Folsom 83). Perhaps the advances he gave to the common man outweighed his sins against the relatively few in the oil industry. Adhering to the doctrines of Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, the wealthiest industrialists donated stupendous amounts of money to charitable causes. In 1911, the Carnegie Corporation was founded, a charitable enterprise with $125 million in starting capital founded by none other than Andrew Carnegie. To this day, it is one of the highest ranked charitable foundations with over $2 billion in assets for education, prevention of deadly conflict, and strengthening of human resources (Traub). As an extremely devout Christian, Rockefeller donated money from his very first paycheck, a fact that renders any extremely stingy and greedy portrayal of him false. â€Å"I have my earliest ledger and when I was only making a dollar a day I was giving five, ten, or twenty-five cents† he said. What distinguished Rockefeller from other great donors was his generous funding of medical research, an interest sparked by his father’s shady career. When asked about building medical facilities, Carnegie once said â€Å"That is Mr. Rockefeller’s specialty. Go see him†. In 1901, the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research was founded. Its work produced the first American Nobel Prize for medicine (Chernow 478-9). In 1910, Rockefeller fought hookworm on a global scale and within five years, it was nearly eradicated (Chernow 481). In donating to charitable causes, Rockefeller managed his charitable expenditures as he would with Standard Oil. By his death in 1936, he had given away $550 million, making him American society’s greatest philanthropist (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). One area that almost all of the late nineteenth century capitalists contributed to was education. Rockefeller himself supported UChicago, Huntington, two Negro colleges, and the famous Tuskegee Institute. Carnegie personally contributed $60 million to the construction of public libraries (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). Many others also contributed to America’s education. Cornell, Duke, Vanderbilt, and Stanford were all captains of industry. The colleges that they founded are among America’s top colleges to this day. Largely thanks to the donations of the industrialists, the illiteracy rate fell from 20 percent in 1870 to 11 percent in 1900.. It has been said that â€Å"a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled by ignorance† (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 573). Thus, the donations of the wealthiest industrialists have had a profound effect on American society as young men and women in schools and libraries across the country to this day have been influenced by them. During the Gilded Age, the combination of laissez-faire economics, post-war sentiment, and technological innovation led to a spur of rapid change that forever altered the American landscape. The wealthiest industrialists of the time period became wealthy by taking advantage of its developments. In retrospect, late nineteenth century American society can largely be viewed as the results of the influences of the industrialists. The effects had no definitive net impact, but they did forever shape American society.

Shaft Essay Example for Free

Shaft Essay The Lathe Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away unwanted material and creating the desired part. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe. The capacity of a lathe is expressed in two imensions. The maximum part diameter, or swing, and the maximum part length, or distance between centers. The primary task of a lathe is to generate cylindrical workpieces. The process of machining a workpiece to the required shape and size by moving the cutting tool either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece is known as turning. In this process, excess unwanted metal is removed. The machine tool useful in performing plain turning, taper turning, thread cutting, chamfering and knurling by adopting the above method is known as lathe. Schematic illustration of the components of a lathe Schematic illustration of a turning operation showing depth of cut, d, and feed, f. utting speed is the surface speed of the workpiece at the tool tip. (b) Forces acting on a cutting tool in turning. Fc is the cutting force; Ft is the thrust or feed force (in the direction ot teed); and Fr is the radial torce that tends to push the tool away trom the workpiece being machined. Manufacturing processes used during the making of the power shaft: Turning Turning in a lathe is to rem ove excess material from the workpiece to produce a ylindrical surface of required shape and size. Straight turning The work is turned straight when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis and the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing excess metal from the workpieces. Step turning Step turning is the process of turning different surfaces having different diameters. The work is held between centres and the tool is moved parallel to the axis of the lathe. It is also called shoulder turning. Facing Facing is the operation of machining the ends of a piece of work to produce flat urface square with the axis. The operation involves feeding the tool perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the work. Chamfering Chamfering is the operation of bevelling the extreme end of the workpiece. The form tool used for taper turning may be used for this purpose. Chamfering is an essential operation after thread cutting so that the nut may pass freely on the threaded workpiece. Grooving Grooving is the process of cutting a narrow goove on the cylindrical surface of the workpiece. It is often done at end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a mall margin. The groove may be square, radial or bevelled in shape. Thread cutting Thread cutting is one of the most important operations performed in a lathe. The process of thread cutting is to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally. But we did it manually using a die. Filling Filing is a final material removal process in manufacturing.