Effects of Social Media on Society

With social network on the rise, and the large amount of young people that take part in social networking, there is question as to whether or not social media should be part of our education system. Propenents of social media point out the benefits of social media in regards to educational tools, and increased student engagement, while critics of social networking focus on subject like privacy, time, and miscommunication. Pros of Social Networking Today’s students are increasingly using social networking as a means to communicate.According to a recent poll, 22 percent of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day, and more than half of adolescents log on to a social media site more than once a day. Seventy-five percent of teenagers own cell phones–25 percent use them for social media, 54 percent use them for texting, and 24 percent use them for instant messaging. (O’Keefe 2011) With these statistics in mind, educators looking to engage students in an already challenging curriculum, search for ways to connect a student’s learning experience to what has become a huge force in their young lives.Social networking can be yet another platform to enrich the learning experience since students and teachers can connect beyond the confine of the classroom. Although Websites such as FaceBook, Twitter, and LinkIn are popular among young people, they are not the best, or the only social network sites available to use in school since they are â€Å"open sites† where anyone outside the student’s immediate circle can access communicate, or gain information.Instead, blogs, wikis, and private social networking are tools that can make a tremendous impact on how teachers teach and students learn in a much safer arena than public sites such as FaceBook or Twitter. Blogs, Wiki Private Label and other private social networks such as Edmondo or Socialcast, provide a place for teachers to post homework, communi cate with parents and students, and interact with students beyond the classroom. Student can also use these private social networks to participate in discussions, get peer feedback, and showcase work.Blogs, wikis and private social networks that are controlled and monitored by teachers to provide a far more safe on-line social networking environment than open social networks. Just as social media resources has attracted the attention of millions of young people, these same features have the ability to capture the attention of students to the learning opportunities provided by their school. Educators could take advantage of these social and interactive features to encourage students to become actively engaged in their learning experience with their teachers.Using social media resources as learning tools would allow students to access valuable and necessary learning objects regardless of their location and time of day. Easy access to an abundance of learning resources may also help in the amount of time a student spends engaged in a lesson or an assignment. In addition, the participatory nature of many social networks could be used to re-engage previously bored students or students that are apprehensive to openly talk in live discussions is class. Cons of Social NetworkingThere are many challenges that face the use of social networking in education such as; on-line safety, time to manage networks, and miscommunication. Before a school decides to make social networking part of their curriculum the benefits of such sites need to be weighed against the drawbacks. Social-networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are open for anyone who wants to participate. Students need to provide personal information to join these sites, and often don’t think about safeguarding it.Although a lot of the information individuals’ supply on social networking is elective, young users may progressively become more comfortable with displaying a great deal of personal in formation online, without thinking who has access to the information, and what is it used for. Since students aren’t concerned with safety issues, teachers are therefore put into a position to ensure students are exercising privacy rights, which can take up a lot of time that teachers don’t necessarily have.In addition, teachers must take the time to check that students are using the social network as a tool to enhance the learning process instead of recreational use, and in looking at each blog, wiki, Facebook comment, Tweet, etc,. to see if the student is in fact participating. Managing networks take a huge amount of time that teachers often complain they don’t even have even in the traditional educational setting. Although social networks can facilitate communication, they also can hinder it by possible miscommunications. Learning via. the Internet does ot afford students the same opportunity of explanation and clarification that occur in face-to-face interac tion. Students can face some difficulty through social networking in expressing their views and ideas in writing, as many learners may prefer to express their ideas orally which is how they have been effectively communicating for years before using social networks. While social network users need to utilize writing skills to express their ideas and opinions freely, face to face interaction allows students to perceive physical clues like tone, inflection, and body language.In an online environment, these necessary components are lacking. As social networking becomes more and more integrated in the ways students communicate, the debate over the role social networking play in the classroom continues. Proponents on both sides will struggle to find a balance between the importance social networks to ways teachers teach and students learn and the safety of students. Though there are risks associated with encouraging students to use social networking, advocates argue that the opportunity f or a student’s potential intellectual and social growth will outweigh the costs.References Mitrano, T. (2006). A Wider World – Youth, Privacy, and Social Networking Technologies. Educause Review, Nov/Dec, 16-28. O’Keefe G, Clarke-Pearson K, â€Å"Clinical Report-The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. † Pediatrics. 2011 April; 127(4): 800-805 Rutherford, C. (2010). Using Online Social Media to Support Preservice Student Engagement. Journal of online learning and teaching, Vol. 6(4).

General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)

1. Is the gametophyte stage dominant in Bryophytes? Yes or No 2. Most plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the ________ plants. Vascular 3. Seeds can lie dormant for many years. True 4. Bryophytes are small because they lack ______. Vascular Tissue 5. Leaves increase the surface area for photosynthesis. True 6. Seeds contain _____ inside of a protective coat. Nutrient supply, embryo 7. Angiosperms produce seeds that are often enclosed by _____. Fruit 8. _____ transports water in vascular plant. Xylem 9. Pollen is usually dispersed by _____. Wind 10. A ________________ is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.Seed11. Which phylum includes ferns? Phylum Pterophyta12. ________________ are organs that anchor vascular plants. Roots13. What is the difference in reproduction between a blueberry bush and a pine tree? Pine trees do not produce flowers and produce seeds that are not enclosed by fruit. Blueberry bushes produce flowers and produce seeds enclosed by fruit.14. Seedless vascular plants reproduce via spores contained inside seeds. False15. Experiment 2 in lab showed that _____. Plants take up carbon dioxide.16. Non-vascular plants are commonly called ______. Bryophytes17. Which phylum are the moss in?Bryophyta18. Bryophytes require _____ for fertilization to occur. Water19. A fern is a seedless vascular plant. True20. Lab experiment 1 for this week clearly showed that _____. Aquatic plants will produce gas when exposed to light.21. Gymnosperms do not produce seeds. False22. _____ transports sugars in vascu lar plants. Phloem23. Describe two things that are unique to angiosperms that help them in reproduction. They have flowers and the ability of â€Å"double fertilization†.24. A ______ is a passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are holes in the underside of a leaf. toma (pl. stomata)25. Vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to the stem’s ability for _______________ growth. Secondary26. Trichomes can protect a plant from predation by herbivores. True27. The ground tissue cells called _____ cells are the most common type of plant cell and carry out photosynthesis. Parenchyma28. Which part of the root would you look in if you wanted to find a cell going through mitosis (cell reproduction)? Zone of cell division29. Which type of vascular tissue allows the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves? Xylem30. What structure protects the root as it pushes its way through the soil? Root cap31. All plant cells contain secondary cell walls. Fal se32. _______________ meristems are located at the tips of stems and roots. Apical33. Which type of plant tissue is for protection? Dermal34. Which type of vascular tissue carries sugars to all parts of the plant. Phloem35. The alternate form of leaf arrangement is the most common of the three types of leaf arrangement. True36. What are plant cell walls made of? Cellulose37. Vascular plants have a have a specialized circulation system composed of [x] and [y]. X=Xylem, Y=Phloem38. Which plant organ is a beet? Root39. Guard cells are responsible for closing and opening the lenticellular maculation. False40. The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is called ____. Transpiration41. Some kinds of plants live without ever making contact with the soil. True42. Which plant organ helps to anchor them in the soil and absorb water and minerals? Roots43. Explain why the carnation changed colors in Experiment #2 in the Plant Circulation lab. The process of water moving through the vascular tiss ue of the plant. As the water moved through the flower it carried the dye with it.44. Lateral meristems are found in plants that exhibit ____ growth. Secondary45. The shoot system consists of the underground portion of the plant. False46. Secondary growth is an increase in the _____ of the plant. Width or girth47. _____ are members of the phylum _____ and feed by _____. Sea anemones †¦ Cnidaria †¦ using stinging cells to capture small animals that venture too close to them48. Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment because they are flat.49. Annelids _____. have a mouth that is separate from the anus and segments50. A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the Amoebocytes51. In sponges which cell captures food? Choanocyte or collar cell52. In most insects, gas exchange is accomplished by _____. A tracheal system wit h spiracles, trachea, and tracheoles53. A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share Membership in Phylum Mollusca54. A major characteristic of arthropods is _____. A chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages55. In arthropods, molting is necessary because _____.The hard exoskeleton cannot grow.56. Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis (infection by Trichinella spiralis) by Eating undercooked pork57. Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms? Tubefeet provide motility in most species58. Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes â€Å"jellies† with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae? Scyphozoa59. Sponges are most accurately described as Aquatic filter feeders60. Sponges lack _____. All of the listed responses are correct.61. Consider the following list of animals: giant squid, earthworm, largemouth bass, snail, tapeworm, coral, and starfish.The two that belong to the same phylum are the _____, and their phylum is _____. giant squid and snail †¦ Mollus ca62. Corals are most closely related to which group? Sea anemones63. Which letter is pointing to the part of the flower that attracts insects? H64. Which letter is pointing to the stamen? A65. An unidentified species of animal displays the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive system, an open circulatory system, distinct body segmentation, it has six jointed walking legs, and it molts when it grows.To which of the following animal phyla does this species most likely belong? Arthropoda66. Jellies and corals are members of the same _____, all members of which _____. phylum †¦ have special stinging cells on their tentacles67. A terrestrial mollusc without a shell would be called a _____. Slug68. Leeches are members of the phylum _____. Annelida69. Tapeworms are highly specialized worms that make their living as endoparasites. To which of the following phyla do the tapeworms belong? Phylum Platyhelminthes70. Sponges feed by _____. Filtering small part icles from water Read also Lab 2 Biology71. An active marine predator is found possessing these characteristics: a series of tentacles (eight of them modified from the foot) on its head, a highly developed nervous system, and elaborate eyes. To which of the following animal classes does this organism most likely belong? Cephalopoda72. List the four key characteristics of chordates. Notochord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Muscular post anal tail Pharyngeal slits73. What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? Feathers74. Most reptiles are ______ which means they cannot regulate their own body temperature.Cold-blooded and ectothermic75. How would you tell the difference between a reptile egg and a bird egg? The reptile egg will have a flexible leathery shell and the bird egg will have a hard shell.76. A sea star is an invertebrate. True77. If an animal has hair, feeds its young milk, an lays eggs it is a ______. monotreme platypus echidna spiny ante ater78. Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.79. Turtles are reptiles. True80. What is the main difference between the skeleton of a shark and a trout?The shark has a skeleton made of cartilage, while a trout has a skeleton made of bone.81. Sharks are classified in which class? Chondrichthyes82. Birds _____. Warm-blooded83. Chordates have ___________ symmetry. Bilateral84. The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with _____. Maintaining a supply of action85. Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? The shelled, amniotic egg86. A frog is an invertebrate. False87. Amphibians can lay their eggs on land without fear of them drying out because they lay eggs with a flexible shell.False88. The opossum is an example of a(n) _____ mammal. Marsupial89. Which of the following animals is an amphibian? Cae cilian90. A kangaroo or an opossum is a ______. Marsupial91. All mammals _____. Nourish their offspring through mammary glands92. The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes Provides for regulation of buoyancy.93. Habitat loss, the spread of a fungal disease, climate change, and pollution are causing severe population declines and extinction in _____. Amphibians94. Pick the example of the invertebrate chordate from the list below. Lancelet95. Some sharks are viviparous, which means that _____.The young develop within the female’s body.96. Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts? Bone97. In vertebrates the space between cells if filled with blood. False98. Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up Organs99. __________ animals generate heat by metabolism. Endothermic100. Food processing, absorption, and distribution in your body are mainly accomplished by the _____ systems. Digestive a nd circulatory101. Do hormone signals functions faster than nerve signals? No102. Ligaments are what kind of connective tissue? A type of fibrous connective tissue103. Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that The positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.104. Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by Smooth muscle105. Fibroblasts secrete Proteins for connective fibers106. Hormones _____. All of the listed responses are correct.107. __________ is the study of the biological functions an organism performs. Physiology108. EndothermyIs a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.109. What covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body? Epithelial tissue110. _____ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it _____. Negative †¦ tends to keep a system at a desirable â€Å"set point†111. Which of the following are connective tissues? Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood112. The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a Simple squamous epithelium.113. Explain what happened to your egg or bone in lab this week, why it happened, and what caused it.The egg shell or bone softened and became flexible because the calcium salts were removed from the egg shell or bone by the vinegar (mild acid).114. Tendons connect bones at joints. False115. If we could only carry out digestion but not absorption we would die. True116. List the three major types of blood vessels. Arteries, veins, and capillaries117. When you shiver your muscular system is _____. Producing heat118. Interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic vessels is called ____. Lymph119. Which system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body? Urinary system120. Which type of muscle is voluntary?Skeletal121. Weight bearing exercise will do what for the skeleton? Strengthen it122. The organs that pr oduce sperm are the ovaries. False.123. When your body needs calcium for the blood where does it come from assuming the diet is inadequate? The bones or skeletal system.124. The organ level of structural organization comes before the tissue level of structural organization. False125. The integration and command center of the body is the _____. Central nervous system126. Which pigment is most responsible for dark skin color? Melanin127. One function of the integumentary system is to make vitamin _____. D128. The tube that leads into the lungs is called the ____. Trachea129. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart? Arteries130. Which type of muscle would propel food through the digestive tract? Smooth131. Place the following regions of the skin in the correct order from top (most superficial) to bottom (deepest). Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis132. List the two components of the central nervous system. Brain and spinal cord133. The digestive process depends on _____ . Enzymes134. The kidneys are part of which system? Urinary135. The body system that forms the external body covering is called the ____ system.Integumentary136. What kinds of cells does the skeletal system make? Blood cells137. The system that returns interstitial fluid back to the blood is the ___ system. Lymphatic138. The liver is part of the digestive system. True 139. Mammary glands are specialized sweat glands that produce milk. True140. How are humans altering the carbon cycle? Burning fossil fuels141. The phosphorous cycle depends on the weathering of ____. Rock142. Herbivores eat ____. Plants143. The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on ____. Bacteria144. Fertilizer use will alter the nitrogen cycle balance. True145.The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical. True146. Deforestation and herbicide use will increase the loss of nutrients from the soil. True147. Which type of consumer preys on the producer s? Primary consumer148. Acid rain will remove calcium from the soil just like it removed calcium from the egg or bone in lab. True149. What drives the global water cycle? Solar energy150. Competition may limit the growth of both species involved. True151. A ______ includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area. Community152. The type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not significantly affected is called ____. Commensalism153. The gradual colonization of barren rocks is called _____. Primary succession154. ________ may occur when a shared resource is limited. Competition155. Which of the following trophic levels would have the lowest population size? Tertiary consumer156. What two processes does the carbon cycle depend on? Cellular respiration and photosynthesis157. Energy flows into ecosystems in the form of _____ and exits in the form of ______. Light energy, heat158. Which pH did the radish seeds grow best at? The radish seeds would ha ve grown best at a pH near neutral (pH 7)159. Predation can lead to adaptations like _______ and ________ such as poisons. Camouflage and chemical defenses160. Food chains interconnect forming _____. Food webs161. What process is essential for recycling nutrients in an ecosystem? Decomposition162. How much of the energy stored at each trophic level is available to the next level? 10%163. Thorns and poisons are a defense against ______. Herbivores164. List the three types of symbiotic relationships. Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism.165. Dams alter ecosystems both upstream and downstream. True166. Which type of resource cannot be replenished? Non-renewable167. _______ is the variety of life on earth. Biodiversity168. Wetlands filter pollution and limit flooding. True169. Modern farming practices reduce the loss of ____. Topsoil170. Alien species in an area can cause ____. Extinction171. Popcorn trees are an example of an alien species. True172. Desertification removes the base of t he food chain. True173. Light pollution can affect ecosystems. True174. ______ ______ produce greenhouse gases. Fossil Fuels

How does your chosen text attract its audience ? Essay

Soap operas attract its audiences in many different ways and use a lot of tactics to keep their viewing going up. Audiences are so important to media because without them, there would be no media. So this is why many different types of media use specialist ways to keep their audiences engaged to help media progress. One of the soaps that has being focused on is Eastenders. Eastenders Is a soap that is shown four times a week on bbc1. It is based in London’s east end. It included a wide range of characters and storylines. One of the soaps intentions is to deal with controversial social issues and Eastenders likes to see itself and as pursuing ‘documentary realism’. It does not have a naturalistic mode and can shift from melodramatic or to sitcom. Eastenders uses a lot of realism within its story lines so that the audience can relate back to the story lines. But it is misleading to see Eastenders as ‘representing real life’ as it does include unrealistic things i. e. characters coming back to life from death. This piece will look at the different way Eastenders attracts it audience on a regular basis. Eastenders doesn’t have just one target audience it has a mass audience which means any gender, race , age, religion and class can watch it as it has many diverse characters with in the soap and different types of target story lines. These story lines can be seen as some audiences maybe relate to the story line and others can be educated by them. Audiences can identify with Eastenders characters in a self image as they include many different image groups such as Goths, suited characters, casual etc†¦ It also includes different ages and storylines to go along with these ages groups like starting school, going to university, retiring so audience that match these storylines can relate to this. Different classes are also used as characters, from grade A (upper class) to grade E ( lowest class) as within the soap its has doctors, lawyers etc†¦ and among that it has unemployed people, students. So it isn’t specifically for one class grade. Families are used as well as usually in soap operas they have 3 or 4 families and in Eastenders most of the characters are part of a family and the family live on the square. Families are a good way to attract as they seem relatively real life as the storylines include arguments, death, wills, new born’s, divorce etc.. and can relate to these storylines and/or help them come to terms with there own family issues. Different classes are also used as characters, from grade A (upper classes) to grade E ( lowest class) as with in the soap its has doctors, lawyers etc†¦ And among that it has unemployed people, students. So it isn’t specifically for one class grade. Many cultures and nationalist are included within the characters so it isn’t just aimed at one certain group of people. The codes and conventions of Eastenders is very important and it keeps the audiences hocked. It is a serialised drama that is on four times a week and runs week-in, week-out, all year round. It features continuous narratives dealing with domestic themes and personal or family relationships and will have Three, four or even five storylines and they will progress during any one episode, with the action switching between them. As one narrative is resolved, another completely different one with different characters will already be underway.. Eastenders also has a well-known theme tune and intro sequence which rarely changes throughout the history of the soap which over the years audiences become more familiar with ( it has been rumoured that pets are even familiar with it! ). There is a limit to the number of characters available at any one time on screen but this allows the soap to focus on a smaller number of characters which then allows more time to be spent on each character, so that the audience knows them better and the storylines can be more detailed and involved, as well as being more numerous over time. The plots are open-ended and usually has a multiplicity of which interlinked in an episode ( metanarrative). The storylines in these cases run parallel. But episode will undoubtedly end with a ‘cliff-hanger’, which is a tense and suspenseful, un concluded piece of dialogue or action when But with the ending, it will come to some kind of conclusion as well as a cliff-hanger such as ‘ Billy’s dead’ which concludes that the character is dead but still raises up questions of’ why, when, where etc.. ’. The location of Eastenders is set around a small, central area ‘Trafalgar square’. And somehow the characters are all connected through either, relationships, arguments or history such as Phill Mitchell used to bully Ian Beal as school over 20 years ago and now you still see his subliminal control over Ian. Eastenders often have special episodes for events in the real world such as Christmas or the Millennium and even just an round up to a storyline such as ‘ who killed Archie (( an hour long special)). Such episodes are often referred to as ‘soap bubbles’. Eastenders and largely British soaps most often feature common, ordinary, working class characters, in contrast to American soaps, which tend to deal with richer, flashier, more fantasy-inspired characters, reflecting the preferences of their respective target audiences. As Eastenders has such a broad range of characters, it has a broad range of representations.

Ethics In The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics In The Workplace - Essay Example These are due to the unsafe design of the Pinto’s fuel tank, which were known to the company’s engineering when they conducted a trial or test collision of a said car model.   Yet still, the management wanted to release the Pinto car to the market despite glitches in the car’s structure.   They had identified alternative solutions in improving the design but did not implement it due to the additional $11 cost of its building expense. In the process, this would mean higher cost of the Pinto car, which would be against Iacocca’s set goal of â€Å"the limits of 2000†, meaning cost would not exceed $2000 and would not weight more than 2000 pounds.   Iacocca set the said goal in the assumption that Pinto buyers are extremely price conscious.   The most severe symptom of the problem was when charges of reckless homicide against Ford Motor Co. were filed by its consumers. Assessing the situation, the root problem can be linked to several actual problems and these are 1) Ford leader’s response to rigid competition in the car market, 2) Ethical values of the leaders of Ford that affects their decisions, 3) Lack of Total Quality Management (TQM) and 4) Lack of strict guidelines by the government during 1968 to 1977 that would protect the consumers or general public. One of Ford leaders’ responsibilities is to maintain the competitiveness of the company to the market and its employees. During the stringent competition in a motor industry, Iacocca may have thought or felt the stress in maintaining Ford’s being on the forefront of motor industry market.   In his decisions, he needed to think of creative ways of producing a car model that would exceed the cars released by competing company like the Germans that cost less both for the buyers and Ford and would benefit the largest number of people.   His decision was consistent with business decisions called Utilitarian theory, where costs and benefits can be calculated in dollars and this framework are guided by ethical decisions of generating greatest benefits for the largest number of people (Daft 1992).

Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Technology Management - Essay Example In current era of technology, an important asset of the organization is technology. Strategy and planning considerations are considered to include the technology. Company objectives have direct links with the technology resources achieved through communication. There is lack of an appropriate framework that supports the technology management in a customer service organization. Organizations do not give importance to strategic significance of technology to deliver the value and competitive advantages. If a firm has adopted the information technology implementation, then at execution and controlling stages communication issues among the project participants are produced. IT project has various challenges for project managers that differ substantially from features of the non-ICT traditional assignments. Continuous advancement in technology where IT project operates has led the organization towards the considerable uncertainty and risk. Changing requirements and scope of the business firm produces the high level risk for the firm’s management (Fenech and Raffaele, 2013). In a firm, collaboration culture is not embedded with the empowerment of employees to use the advanced technology tools including the social networks, participation in a network and knowledge sharing. Employees do not post their ideas and avoid the information sharing due to lack of encouragement for technology use in the organization. Workers in the firm do not have the exclusive rights to their firm’s knowledge. Knowledge is only accumulated at top level in the firms and low level employees or workers are kept away from knowledge accumulation. A class of employees known as clerical workers who support their managers do not access the document management, emails, workflows and related activities through the software. Employees’ performance in the firm is linked associated with the technology change.

Prepare a brief summary report on 3 key employment relations issues Essay - 1

Prepare a brief summary report on 3 key employment relations issues for an Australian company about to expand its operations into a country in Europe or Asia - Essay Example Such expansion is usually a resultant of continuous profit making and can either be within or without the business host country. When looking to expand a business into another country, it is vital to take into contemplation numerous factors. The employment relation issue is one key factor including others such as the costs of operations in that business and the trade market exchange prevailing in the country. All these factors are taken into account prior to such ventures in preparation for all and any situations that might arise (Dascalova, 2008: p.82). In an instance like this where an enterprise is venturing all the way into another continent, it is of upmost importance that research and such preparations conducted. This highly attributes to the fact that such places depict remarkably different environments and operational responsibilities, laws and regulations. Employment relations issues mainly deal with the pertinent issues between a business or employer and its employees. The management of employee relations is paramount in ensuring that the business ideals and goals are upheld while also catering for the rights of employees. It advocates for a win-win position on both sides of the business and employees. The business may, for example, may manage this relation by establishing of regulations regarding discipline, performance, conflict of interests and conduct. Employees, on the other hand, are safeguarded labor laws and regulations, employee unions and rights groups among others (Walters, 2011:42). India, a country in Asia is well known for its large involvement in commercial and technological development. It is also highly densely populated and developed thus making it a significant target market for most companies. Due to this, the country has stipulated substantial labor laws that are as a hindrance for the current slow pace in developmental growth (McNair, 2009: p.2). There are various employment relation issues in the country that would have

Expansionary Economic Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Expansionary Economic Policy - Essay Example Fiscal policy stands for the power possessed by the federal government to tax as well as spend with an intension of achieving the goals of the economy. On the other hand, monetary policy deals with the important programs that make an attempt of increasing or decreasing the nation’s level of business activities through the legal regulation of money supply and credit. Despite the difference between the two, they both have a common goal of either decreasing or increasing the level of the business activities. A better understanding of the above two terms and what they stand for can be handled in the following subheadings. The Theory of Monetary and Fiscal Policy The theory of monetary and fiscal policy reveal that monetary policy stands for the whole process through which the central bank, government, and even the monetary authority are able to take control over three major aspects. The three major aspects include the money supply, interest rates that are meant to achieve the set objectives of stabilizing the economy, and availability of money in the economy. The monetary theory reflects on how one can be able to design the optimum monetary policy without interfering with the lives of other people. The theory goes further to give a suggestion that the monetary policy tends to rest on the relationship that exists between the price at which money can be borrowed, interest rates in an economy, and the total amount of supply of money (Persson 45-46). In addition, the money and fiscal policy make use of several tools in controlling the country’s economic growth, the exchange rates, as well as inflation. It must be noted that the exchange rates can only happen when there is another currency from a foreign country. However, if the currency tends to be under a monopoly of issuance, then there exist high chances that the regulation system might issue the currency through the existing banks, which might end up being tied to a central bank that can easily be con trolled by the authority in altering the money supply and influencing the interest rates. The theory gives an overview of the roles played by the policymakers in regulating the inflation in an economy. Policymakers play a big role in making time-to-time credible announcements that are aimed at informing the citizens on the changes in the interest rates and the amount of money available for borrowing. The theory reflects on the two ways in which the decision made by the policymakers can affect the inflation. In the first case, if firms and other consumers are made to believe that policymakers are working towards lowering the inflation, then there is a likelihood of a true anticipation of lower prices in the near future compared to the current ones. On the other hand, if employees tend to expect high prices in the near future, then there are high chances for employees to draw contracts that entail high wages. This is because employees aim at covering up the high prices in the economy through earning a relatively higher income. However, in an ideal economy, there is always a likelihood of introduction of a wage-setting behavior that is meant to solve such cases that have been mentioned above. The wage setting behavior attempts to balance the relationship between the employee and employer. In case the employees are receiving lower wages that cannot meet the demands of the high prices, then the

Technology paper ( mouse) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology paper ( mouse) - Essay Example Introduction Technological revolution and the use of computers systems have transformed human perception to almost all operations and tasks. Living in the midst of technological harbor, several changes have been envisaged with the use of computer application, which transforms the society into a digital hub leading to sustainable economy. The use of computer systems has facilitated management, communication, data processing and information security but all these has been made even much easier with an aid of a computer mouse, which is classified as a computer point and draw device [Salvendy,2001,p. 36]. The mouse innovation According to SpringerLink, 2011, p. [1236], the earliest forms of computers such as the electronic numerical integrators or the main frames never used the mouse technology. This is because their applications were based on command prompt, which only required typing in commands to execute an instruction. However, with the introduction of windows in 1985, a mouse was d eveloped to assist in the maneuvering around the computer different applications. A mouse sizeable enough to fit the palm is made up of two buttons left and right with a trackball at the bottom. It is meant to detect two dimensional motions relative to the supporting surface. The mouse is meant to be physically beneath the palm with the two fingers resting on the buttons respectively. When the device moves on a surface, the user gets into a position to track, drag select and move files, icons or even folders. Moreover, a mouse allows the user to draw images and navigate almost all applications within a computer system. The first mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1968 after completing his research concerning studies about the human interpretation with computers. However, the official launch of this invention was put into public at Xerox Paulo research center in 1970 [SpringerLink, 2011.p. 1236]. Classifications of mouse Since the introduction of mouse into the market, there have been several classifications based on technology, mode of operation and usage. The most common type of mouse in the market includes: Mechanical mouse This type of mouse uses a ball to move the cursor on the surface of the screen. In order to enjoy the best efficacies, a flat pad would be needed to enable the rubber ball which is contained beneath to roll easily. The rolling ball would triggers the movement of the cursor on to the surface, which further translates into information understood by the computer system [SpringerLink, 2011, p 1236]. Optical mouse Optical mouse uses the sense of lesser rays to help detect the mouse movement in line with the arranged pixels on the surface where the movement is being made. The optical mouse uses red light emitting diode (LED) sensor to induce movement on the surfaces and send signals into the computer for interpretations. The red light emitting diode (LED) bounces the light off the surface onto the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). This mouse offers, the most effective speed and can be used in almost all surfaces [SpringerLink, 2011, p. 1236]. Wireless mouse This type of mouse usually comes up with additional dongle that are attached to the USB ports. The mouse itself contains a Bluetooth transmitter, which sends signal to the dongle acting as the Bluetooth receiver. The signals would then be interpreted by the computer

To be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

To be Determined - Essay Example The kradin is the soul-name, which gives the person his/her spiritual identity whereas the cultural or physiological identity is known as Abusuakuw and Abatumm (Afuraka Afuraitkait). The belief surrounding the kradin however is more common in other cultures such as the Akan than amongst the Swahili. The Swahili group is one of Africa’s largest. It is derived from the Bantu group but was later heavily influenced by the Arab culture and language, and the Islamic religion. It actually comprises of a number of sub-ethnic groups of which there are many. The Swahili speaking region of East Africa comprises of the following countries in which Swahilis can be found in significant numbers: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. In addition, the region â€Å"also extends into southern Somalia, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and parts of northern Mozambique and the Comoros Islands† (African Studies Center). The language (Ki-Swahili), a Bantu language, is spoken by the Swahili people but also functions as a widely used lingua franca. Thus, â€Å"it embraces diverse life styles, economic and aesthetic practices, religions and ideologies† (ibid) although our focus is on the ethnic Swahili group. The population numbers for the main five Swahili countries are given below based on figures provided by the Population Reference Bureau for mid-2008 and rounded to the nearest 100,000, Amongst these wider populations, the ethnic Swahilis live alongside other ethnic groups such as the Maasai, Mijikenda, and Turkana. Most et hnic Swahilis are Muslims. In the video ‘Rites of Passage’ by Mary Ann Watson and Suki Montgomery, Athnam Lali Omar describes the traditional naming ceremony in Swahili culture based on indications at Gede, a ruined village occupied between the twelth and seventeeth centuries. After birth, the baby was protected and kept in

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Homework - Essay Example The affected age group being mostly children, the analysis is that OM generates indirect costs owing to lost time from school and work creating a significant social burden. A good nurse protocol for otitis media in children aged six to twelve years old should clearly define OM; identify its natural history without antibacterial treatment, measure relative effectiveness of these antibacterial regimens in prevention of clinical failure (Forgie and Zhanel et al., 2009, p. 457). Otitis media is the presence of purulent fluid inside the middle ear, which is associated with symptoms and signs of systemic or acute local illness. It is most prevalent during winter months in children especially six to seven years old and below. Otitis media is commonly seen after a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. It has been especially noted to result from dysfunction of the Eustachian tube preventing the effective drainage of middle ear fluid. The clinician or nurse should be aware that the client has an antecedent event, either an allergy or infection that results in congestion and edema of the mucosa of the middle ear, Eustachian tube, as well as the nasopharynx. Flow of the middle ear secretions is impeded following the Eustachian tubes congestion. This often increases negative pressure further causing fluid to be pulled into the middle ear. Increase in middle ear secretions causes growth of microbial pathogens resulting in otitis media. Treatment protocol in diagnosis and prescription establishes common pathogens as Streptococcus pyrogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, as well as viral infection. Recent studies show that in 6 – 12 year olds infections have increased because of organisms that produce beta-lactamase and bacterial resistance to drugs (Barnett and Klein,

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Paper Example T. S. Eliot once wrote about the nature of writing and that in the act of writing, the past and the present merge. Gaiman creates worlds in which the past and the present come together in order to examine modern life in relationship to those belief systems that have come before and have influences on the present. Without the use of past texts in order to create his fantastical works, Gaiman’s work would not connect on the level that it currently does and not have the essence of human existence that is reflected in his work. Influence One of the things a good reader will notice about well written fiction is that it is founded on influences that are highly recognizable and filled with wonder that extends the work rather than burdening it with the words of others. Sometimes popular fiction will suddenly make a reference that has little meaning but adds a bit of pop culture flavor to the writing. This does not always enhance the writing, but will sometimes burden the reader as the y try to decide what the author means and why it was necessary to increase the value of the writing. In the case of a really good writer, however, references from all time periods will flow into the work, creating depth and meaning that expands upon the writing rather than weighting it down. This is the skill with which Neil Gaiman delights his readers. Gaiman uses mythologies in order to expand the universes in which he places his stories. By referencing the worlds of ancient texts, he is enriching his work while giving it a very modern sense of the mythical world. The questions that are asked by using these worlds are answered through modernized prose in which vernacular language and modernized events are connected to aspects of the myths that he is using to enrich his work. Much of what is reflected in his work comes from Greek myths. The sense of multiple gods and complex mythologies, combined with emotions that are translated into the actions of those representing god-like mani festations provides an interesting backdrop to the work he creates. T. S. Elliot worked as an unassuming bank clerk by day, but by night was forging literary greatness as he created works that have inspired generations. Bloom writes that â€Å"Elliot’s aim was to compose an extended collection of poems that would denounce modern civilization and capture the disillusionment of his postwar generation† (Bloom 4). In discussing literature, the following quote can be attributed to him: Tradition is a matter of much wider significance. It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense, which we may call nearly indispensable to anyone who would continue to be a poet beyond his twenty-fifth year; and the historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, bu t with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order (Eliot and Kermode 38). In a way, Eliot was commenting on the nature of time in that it is not so much a linear concept, but a loop in which all things of the past are present in how life is conducted. What was written in the past influences how what is written today manifests. Without mythologies of the past, the present has no real depth. A

White and Indian Relations between 1865 to 1900 Essay Example for Free

White and Indian Relations between 1865 to 1900 Essay Confrontations and conflicts between White American and Native American during the late eighteen hundreds become increasingly one sided. From ritual practices and beliefs to land ownership and government policy; Native Americans and there white contour parts differed greatly. Between 1865 to 1900 the White man and Native American relationships in western United States could be characterized as a horrible and miss leading rampage of white man destroying foreign customs and peoples. In 1862 Congress had granted western settlers their two greatest wishes, the Home Stead Act, promising ownership of 160 acre tract of public land to a citizen or head of a family who had resided on/ or cultivated the land for five years after initial claim and the transcontinental railroad. Bringing the developed east coast to the Wild West, was the catalyst to end of the Native American. Contributing factors for the demise of the Native American relationship between the White Man are shown through blood shed and tears. With new white settlers coming to the west, Native American lands shrunk significantly. In 1862 the lands of the Santee Sioux, near the Minnesota River had been whittled down so drastically, the Sioux decided to retaliate. The Sioux frustrations over lands lead to the one of the first of many large Native American wars with the White man. The Sioux War ended in 1868 with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, Which established two large Native American reservations. The Reservations where located in Oklahoma and Dakota Badlands. Only six years later Colonel George Armstrong Custer led an expedition into the Scared Black Hills of the Sioux. Like many U. S. government treaty’s to Native American, Custer violated of the treaty of 1868 and started the uproar and killings for the next ten years. After the effects of Custers Last Stand, the Native American resistance to the White Man came to a halt. By 1886 reformers recognized that the policy of containing Indians on reservations was not in the best interest. With good intentions congress upheld the Dawes Severalty act in 1887. It ended the reservation policy and encouraged Native Americans to intergrade into white society, as farmers and property owners. One of the major reasons why â€Å"The Dawes Act† did not with stand was due to the Native American concept of property. In many way the Native American and the White Man carry different moral and cultural beliefs. One of the more interesting concepts that Native Americans with held during early American years was the idea of landowner ship. Native American tribes where scattered all along the, now united stated and often reaching beyond present borders. Native American tribes also survived on migrating animals in the surrounding areas. Buffalo In the western United States was a food staple for many Native American tribes. Buffalo being a migrating animal, had to have been followed to be hunted. Leading most of Native Americans to be nomadic tribes following the buffalo herd. When the white settles came to Native Americans with the idea of land ownership many of the Native American tribes didnt agree with this new foreign concept. Native Americans thought that everyone should share land, and a single person cannot and should not own land. In 1879, the federal government attempted to Americanize Native Americans once again. This time through a more dramatic approach. Estimating around one thousand Native American youth where forced to study at one of the one hundred and fifty boarding schools around the United States. These schools taught Native American youth how to become socially accepted in white American. By changing culture styles with white American, and totally disregarding Native American life style. Not surprisingly most of the school did not last, due to the strict, internment camp Like conditions. Another advocator for peaceful integration among Native Americans into white society was a man named Richard Pratt. Pratt was famous for his idea of seeing Native Americans as, what one would call a â€Å"blank slate. † Meaning, just as everyone else, human. His ideas consist of full assimilation of white culture and disregarding years of Native American culture, for the betterment of the people. Kill the Indian, And Save the Man. This is one of his most famous piece on Native Americans assimilation. In 1890 the last great hope, the emergence of The Ghost Dance was a depiction from a medicine man, that all the dead Native American soldiers will come back to life and take vengeance on the new settled Americans. This Ghost Dance is the symbol for the end of the fight for the west. By the 1890 the Native American had to adapt to life within the boundaries set by white culture despite their valiant efforts of resistance. Bibliography Davidson, James West. Us: A Narrative History, Volume 2. 6th ed. Vol. 2. [S. l. ]: Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat, 2011. Print.

Machiavelli And Friedrich | A comparison

Machiavelli And Friedrich | A comparison It is interesting to note that Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) share a great deal of similarity, so that in fact, both have at one time been referred by the clergy of their times as the herald of the antichrist. Nevertheless, the similarity that exists between the two is mainly underpinned by their philosophical standpoints, given that Machiavellis and Nietzsches philosophical postulations were characterized by their antithetical standpoints towards Christian values, ethics and doctrines. Particularly, a case in point is Machiavellis maxim that the end justifies the means. In his II Principe, Machiavelli sees man as a political animal, but not because of mans gregarious tendencies as seen by Aristotle. To Machiavelli, man is a political animal in that in the quest for power, he has to act swiftly and be very cunning. Therefore, this brings in the concepts of competition which ensures that only those who are really determined and enthusiastic on whatever they are doing are able to keep up with the stiff competition. The divergence between Machiavelli and Christianity is further widened when he maintains that to seize and consolidate political power, it is necessary for the prince to move faster than his real and perceived enemies and crush them. The rationale behind this standpoint is that the person who moves fast and first emerges the victor, whereas the slow paced are victims (Machiavelli, 175). The similarity between the above standpoint and Nietzsches ideas is that both advocate against Christian ethics such as modesty and justice. Similarly, both disagree with the very fundamentals of Christian ethic as they both see man as an animal, whereas Christianity sees man as the most important being, with this importance being underpinned by rationality and morality. Therefore, the concept of seeing human being an important being they are regarded as civilized and are not intended to act like animals such as being not thoughtful. The main difference between human beings and animals is that human beings have conscious and are able to think and reason out in whatever they do unlike animals. Nevertheless, Nietzsches animal instincts of man is covertly mentioned, as he only refers to it, by critiquing Christianity for shutting its doors on pleasure, self, the natural and appetitive elements of man. In so assuming their controversial standpoints, both Machiavelli and Nietzsche postulate that the need to act towards self preservation, self actualization and self aggrandizement is paramount. This relegates man into likeness with the animal kingdom, given that the animal kingdom is merely driven by the need for self preservation, through instincts. As it were, the place for rationality in lieu of pure pleasure and self seeking is not given a big berth by both Nietzsche and Machiavelli. This is well proven by the fact that Machiavelli casts aspersion on the importance of values such as trust and mutual respect or agreement. Machiavelli argues that after fatally closing in on political enemies, the Prince must later on turn to his friends and eliminate them, since friends as confidants will have accrued a lot of political and administrative secrets adequate to turn against the Prince. However, it is important to take note of the fact that Nietzsche and Machiavelli had somewhat different reasons for assuming their controversial standpoints. While Nietzsche maintained his standpoint on the account that he saw Christianity a curse and God as being dead [non-existent] as the basis of his standpoint, Machiavellis concern was not concerned with atheism, theism or the concern over the existence of a deity. Machiavelli did not write his radical standpoint for the sake of dethroning Christianity, unlike Nietzsche. In respect to the above development, as a matter of fact, by conjoining ethics to Christianity, and criticizing Christianity for its moralist stands and its shunning of pleasure, debauchery and self seeking, Nietzsche basically made a dereliction on the importance of ethics and morality as important constructs that hold the society together. It is at the same time, this juncture that Machiavelli and Nietzsche part ways, as far as their philosophical standpoints are concerned. Despite his radical political standpoints Machiavelli sees the need for tampering political administration and rule with some elements of ethics. This standpoint is seen explicitly when Machiavelli urges the Prince to always make sure that he did not amass wealth and affluence by rapine. Similarly, Machiavelli argued that in order that the Prince realizes a peaceful and stable administration, it is important that he stayed away from mens women and wives. To Machiavelli, the failure to steer clear of mens wives and the failure to shun the temptation of wealth acquisition through larceny are the very factors that would drive men into vengeful tendencies and thereby sparking off a political resistance, and subsequently, instability. To any one analyst or careful reader, this is indeed a moralist standpoint. So moralist it is that many a world leader has not been able to keep. This is not the case with Nietzsche. In almost the same vein, Machiavelli does not see religion as being retrogressive or disposable to the domains under the Prince. As a matter of fact, Machiavelli reiterates to the need by the Prince, to desist from interfering with the Church and religious matters. To Machiavelli, the failure to do so would warrant the loathing by the masses. As a corollary to this standpoint, Machiavelli advised the Prince on the need to acquaint himself with the clergy, so as to be able to rule effectively. However, it must be remembered that Machiavelli advised the Prince on the need to ensure that the Church remained under the control of the state, since the Church existed under the auspices of his domains, and the Prince ought to know the developments taking place within his jurisdiction. On the other hand, Nietzsche in his condescending criticism against the Christian religion or faith, becomes blinded to the point of disposing off, any need for morality, ethics and self restraint. To him, the fact that God is dead has given man the liberty to indulge himself. This is the fatal mistake of Nietzsches works (Nietzsche and Mencken, 139). Conclusion There is no civilization that can exist in the absolute absence of ethics. In the same vein, it is not tenable, the idea of governance and administration of a people who have a totally laissez faire condition to do as they please. The veracity of this concept is well established by the law which seeks to control and ward off the excesses of man. Nietzsche fails to realize that removing the concept of absolute authority to which all are accountable is to issue a blank check on mans actions. On the other hand, handing man absolute rights will make life intractable, given that in seeking to exercise these absolute rights, the rights of others and the authority of the state to exercise its powers will have been compromised. In summation, it is important to realize that the main difference that lay in Machiavellis and Nietzsches works was that of purpose. While Machiavelli only sought to advise the Prince on the technicalities of politics, Nietzsche mainly sought to produce an atheistic t reatise.

Techniques of Data Warehousing

Techniques of Data Warehousing Data Warehousing is the method for reporting and data analysis, also known to be the care component of business intelligence environment.   Data can be a wide range of things, form financial to management.   With everybody within the organization having access to some form of data; security and integrity is always at risk. A Transactional Database is where a database transaction might consist of one or more data-manipulation statements and queries, each reading and/or writing information in the database.   Ex. Gym memberships, credit card purchases and mostly every banking transaction in all countries are recorded in databases unless youre paying cash.   The risk and integrity of these transactions are always accessed.   Many insurance company take the risk that their customers may never need them but always pay the bill. Even though there are some laws regarding the disclosure of health and other private information.   But the legal protection of privacy regarding the disclosure of grocery shopping habits and other things for example is slim to none in the US.   Therefore, you are at the mercy of the self-imposed privacy policies of the individual companies you deal with along with your ability to stay out of those transactional databases in the first place. Within a data warehouse you have two systems in place; OLTP and OLAP.   OLTP (On-line Transaction Processing) is characterized by a large number of short on-line transactions (INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE). The main emphasis for OLTP systems is put on very fast query processing, maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments and an effectiveness measured by number of transactions per second.   OLAP (On-line Analytical Processing) is characterized by relatively low volume of transactions. Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations. For OLAP systems a response time is an effectiveness measure. OLAP applications are widely used by Data Mining techniques. Another important factor to consider is the use of Business Intelligence.   Business Intelligence or BI is the technology infrastructure for gaining maximum information from available data for the purpose of improving business processes.   Typical BI infrastructure components are as follows: software solution for gathering, cleansing, integrating, analyzing and sharing data.   Business Intelligence produces analysis and provides believable information to help making effective and high quality business decisions. Data across Borders have become more common and frequent in everyday business.   Over the last 20 years, patterns of global dataflow have evolved at a rapid pace due to developments in global communication networks and business processes. As data is moved from data center to data center and/or across borders, security breaches become a tangible risk. To effectively protect data you must consider its lifecycle. The main features of the data lifecycle are: Create/Capture: To Receive or create data, whether captured from a website, a file transfer or a physical acquisition, will affect handling. Every method of creation or capture is going to require a different form of protection to ensure the information is safeguarded. Index and Classify: Once the data has been securely acquired, certain rules must be applied. The first step is to identify the type of data acquired. Is it personally identifiable information (PII)? Is it an image or a document? What kind of document is it?   Categorizing the document will make the process mare efficient. Store/Manage:   Where the data is stored will drive what protection controls are applied. If the data consists of PII or potential PII, then the organization may be legally required to store the data in a disk-based encryption format and encrypt backup copies of the data. Retrieve/Publish: After securely transferring data across the border, enable availability for use by ensuring that data is encrypted at each stage when transferred, stored and displayed.   Data cannot be decrypted in countries where it is not being transferred to, and access to systems such as network paths which enable cross-border transfers must be controlled. Process: To ensure the data is only used for authorized purposes and in compliance with applicable laws, application controls and metadata tagging are helpful tools. Archive: Once Data in not nedded, issues of long-term storage in compliance with the applicable policies and legal requirements arise. Is the backup onsite or offsite? Do your backups cross international borders? Are the backups governed by other countries privacy and data protection laws? The answers to these questions will help ensure that all potential risk areas are mitigated. Destroy: Sooner or later data will be deemed unusable, in accordance with applicable legislation. Ensure the destruction of archives, files, physical copies and any other copies. However, processes need to be in place for data excluded from regularly scheduled destruction cycles. For example, data subject to legal holds and discovery requests, as well as data governed by cross-border privacy legislation. Even with the most robust policies, processes and systems, continuous vigilance is required. Organizations should; Monitor change to regulatory and security. References: http://www.howtovanish.com/2009/11/transactional-databases-what-me-worry/ http://datawarehouse4u.info/OLTP-vs-OLAP.html http://datawarehouse4u.info/What-is-Business-Intelligence.html http://www.globallegalpost.com/commentary/data-across-borders-96787229/

Japanese Internment Essay -- American History Japan Pearl Harbor Essay

Japanese Internment The decision to imprison Japanese Americans was a popular one in 1942. It was supported not only by the government, but it was also called for by the press and the people. In the wake of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, Japan was the enemy. Many Americans believed that people of Japanese Ancestry were potential spies and saboteurs, intent on helping their mother country to win World War II. â€Å"The Japanese race is an enemy race,† General John DeWitt, head of the Western Defense Command wrote in February 1942. â€Å"And while many second and third generation Japanese born in the United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become ‘Americanized,’ the racial strains are undiluted† (quoted in Smith, 1995: 83). On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066. The Order declared that â€Å"the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national defense material, national defense premises, and national defense utilities.† In pursuit of this goal, the Secretary of War, or the military commander whom he might designate, was authorized â€Å"to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he†¦may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary†¦or the Military Commander may impose in his discretion.† The Secretary was also authorized â€Å"to provide for residents of any such areas who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary†¦until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order† ( see Appendix 1). Though the Order seems to be in violation of the Constitution at the time, the Supreme Court upheld it because of â€Å"military necessity.† â€Å"There was evidence of disloyalty on the part of some [Japanese Americans], the military authorities considered that the need for action was great, and time was short. We cannot – by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight – now say that at that time these actions were unjustified,† stated Justice Hugo Black on December 18, 1944 (quoted in Irons, 1989: 83). The War Department oversaw the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast based upon wartime military necessity. Shortly ... ...t and control of alien enemies, except as such duty and responsibility is superseded by the designation of military areas hereunder. THE WHITE HOUSE, Franklin D. Roosevelt, February 19, 1942. Works Cited Davis, Daniel S. Behind Barbed Wire. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton, Inc., 1982. Girdner and Loftis, The Great Betrayal, 148. Irons, Peter, ed., Justice Delayed: The Record of the Japanese American Internment Cases. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989, 83. Ng, Wendy. Japanese American Internment during World War II: A History and Refernce Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. Smith, Page. Democracy on Trial. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995, 124. Stanley, Jerry. I Am An American: A True Story of Japanese Interment. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1994. tenBroek, Jacobus, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson. Prejudice, War, and the Constitution. Berkeley and Lost Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1954. Thomas, Dorothy Swaine, and Richard S. Nishimoto. The Spoilage. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1946, 27. Yancey, Diane. The Internment of the Japanese. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 2001.

Emily Bronte Bibliography :: essays research papers

"Emily Jane Bronte was born at Thornton in Yorkshire on 30 July 1818, the fifth of six children of Patrick and Maria Bronte (nee Branwell). Two years later, her father was appointed perpetual curate of Haworth, a small, isolated hill village surrounded by moors. Her mother died shortly after her third birthday and she and her sisters and brother were brought up by their aunt, Elizabeth Branwell. Apart from a few short periods, she remained in Haworth. Her only close friendships were those with her brother Branwell and her sisters Charlotte and Anne; only three perfunctory letters by her survive. "From accounts by those who knew Emily Jane Bronte, there emerges a consistent portrait of a reserved, courageous woman with a commanding will and manner. In the biographical note to the 1850 edition of Wuthering Heights, Charlotte Bronte attributes to her sister 'a secret power and fire that might have informed the brain and kindled the veins of a hero', while Monsignor Heger, who taught her in Brussels, was impressed by her 'powerful reason' and 'strong, imperious will'. "Emily Jane Bronte began writing poems at an early age and published twenty-one of them, together with poems by Anne and Charlotte, in 1846 in a slim volume titled Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. At an even earlier age, she collaborated with Charlotte, Branwell, and Anne on the 'plays' and tales that developed into the Glass Town saga. By 1834, Emily and Anne were thoroughly engaged in writing their own saga involving two imaginary islands in the north and south Pacific, Gondal and Gaaldine. No early prose narratives survive, but several poems by Emily and Anne refer to Gondal places and characters. Emily Jane Bronte is best known for her only novel, Wuthering Heights, published under her pseudonym of Ellis Bell in 1847, almost exactly a year before her death on 19 December 1848. She became ill after attending Branwell's funeral, and died of tuberculosis after an illness of about three months." Three writers who influenced the direction of the English novel also happened to be sisters. Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte were all born in Thornton, England in the early 1800s. Their father Patrick was born in Ireland, educated in England, and became an Anglican clergyman. He and his wife had six children. The two oldest daughters, Maria and Elizabeth died before reaching adulthood. Of the remaining children, Charlotte was the eldest, born April 21, 1816; followed by brother Patrick Branwell, born June 26, 1817; then Emily, born July 30, 1818; and Anne, born January 17, 1820. Shortly after Anne's birth, their father accepted a position in Haworth, located within

Lt. Jimmy Cross and Young Goodman Brown Unexpected Changes Essay exampl

Often stories are magical and uplifting. Yet just as often, tales are tragic, downtrodden, or simply realistically portrayed. Also, on rare occasions, stories are a conglomerate of devices, messages, and harrowing trials that give a little of everything while continuing on in an almost certainly volatile direction. There are two such stories, by two different authors, which utilize this style. In, â€Å"The Things They Carried,† by Tim O’Brien, there begins a seemingly innocent portrayal of protagonist Lt. Jimmy Cross. He is not so dissimilar from protagonist Young Goodman Brown, from the story by the same name, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although many similarities can be found in their rising actions, climaxes, and right through to their denouements, they are perhaps most similar in their expositions. The differences are striking, but inevitably both stories conclude with a similar point. Countless reasons cause great and terrible changes in people, often unexpect edly. Both protagonists are initially virtuous, simple, and unbroken. Goodman Brown and his wife are described as young and newly married. This shows in Brown’s quick pivot to kiss Faith farewell, and in her longing gaze with ribbons waving adieux (Hawthorne 553-4). The couple hoping for an expeditious and safe return, yet both feeling perturbed. Lt. Cross does not begin carefree, but he is filled with a hopeful longing. His hope is based on Martha’s unrequited love. Cross appears deft at compartmentalizing what is and what is not currently relevant. Martha’s letters carry him through the days’ obligations while he awaits nightfall and time to read them (O’Brien 684-685). He is unconcerned with her lack of affection, which reveals a childlike mind. This implies that, ... ...duly recognized as complete self devastation due to the depravity he now sees in everyone. Cross likely expected some type of metamorphosis when going away to combat. Brown on the other hand was probably expecting a much more benign shift—if any. Both stories fabulously depict the unexpected variances and changes in mortal human lives. People may try to prepare for life’s onslaught of tribulations, but no one is able to foresee every possibility and effect. Works Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Emily Barrosse. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 684-696. Print. O’Brien, Tim. â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Emily Barrosse. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 553-562. Print.

Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction

Naturalistic observation is a form of data collection where the researcher assumes the role of an observer, which may be participative or non-participative (Gonnerman, 2007). Either way, this method aims to make studies on organisms’ (i.e. human) behaviors in their natural environment, unhindered by control parameters that studies in a laboratory, for example, impose. It is understandable that human beings, just like other organisms, act differently under the watchful eye of any observer, most especially due to self-consciousness. However, it is also understood that even as we are not under scrutiny (there is an absence of outside scrutiny), in the external environment, in a world beyond our own comfort zone, we still experience a â€Å"feeling of being watched†, or the so-called spotlight effect. Hence, naturalistic observation does not guarantee the absence of behavioral alteration, and the best that could probably be hoped for is a decrease in such that may lead to objective conclusions. In this project, the researcher—myself—chose to make behavioral observations on subjects who are unaware that they are being observed, in the hopes of avoiding possible alterations in their behavior pattern. The setting is the department store, where two girls are shopping for clothes. The behaviors observed during the first twenty minutes are that Girl One is phlegmatic and submissive, in her attempt to avoid conflict; while Girl Two is demanding. A hypothesis, therefore, was made that Girl Two would speak more often and in a louder voice than Girl One. The results of the second observation, however, show that Girl Two spoke more often but in hushed tones, and Girl Two was the one who spoke less but in a louder voice. It is therefore concluded that the hypothesis is wrong, and that human behavior could not be readily predicted, only justified. Naturalistic Observation of Social Interaction I observed a conversation between two girls shopping for clothes on [please insert time and date of â€Å"observation†]. We are at a department store [should the client wish to insert a particular department store, please do so], standing amid racks of clothing. One has dark hair cropped short near her chin; she was wearing a plain, light-blue, long-sleeved shirt, whom I shall refer to as Girl One. The other girl, Girl Two, has curly, shoulder-length, brown hair, and she was wearing a pink sleeveless shirt with a butterfly embroidered across the chest. There are only a few people about, including myself and the sales lady. Girl Two picks up a purple sleeveless dress with gray stripes and holds it against herself for her friend to see.   Girl One circles around the clothes racks, but does not pick any item out. Girl One slowly turns back around when Girl Two calls her. Girl One goes with Girl Two to the dressing room; Girl One waits outside, leaning on the wall with her feet stretched out in front of her as Girl Two takes her time inside the dressing room. When Girl Two emerges from the dressing room, Girl One looks at her from head to toe and nods her head. All of this takes place during the first ten minutes of the observation. During the second ten minutes, the conversation went like this: Girl One: â€Å"The dress looks okay, you should buy it.† Girl Two: â€Å"Are you sure? Or are you just telling me that so we can go now?† Girl One: â€Å"No I’m not. Come on, just buy it.† Girl Two: â€Å"You wouldn’t be pushing me into buying this if it was alright with you to go shopping. You shouldn’t have come.† Girl One: â€Å"Alright, maybe you’re right. I wanna go now but I don’t wanna spoil your fun so just get on with it and take all your time if need be.† Girl Two: â€Å"Alright then, just let me choose another dress to compare with this one and we’ll go.† Girl One: â€Å"Sure, whatever.† Based on the narrated observations, I have reached a possible hypothesis that one of the girls, Girl Two is probably a demanding sort of person, a domineering persona who can manipulate people like Girl One into doing what she wants. A parallel hypothesis is that Girl Two is a phlegmatic, and slightly submissive persona who simply does not want to be bothered or does not want any conflict, and so goes along with whatever Girl One asks of her. In line with this, I decided to gather observation that would enable me to determine which of the girls would eventually become more exasperated by the other and raise her voice more often, and this girl would be Girl Two, with the demanding character. The parameters I used are of course the number of times that the subject spoke, and the number of times the voice was raised within the 20 minutes of observation. I followed the girls two their next destination which was a coffee shop, bringing with me a few of my friends to cover me. We sat on the booth next to them, and I proceeded with my 20-minute observation. Based on my notes, Girl Two spoke more often, having used eight opportunities to talk in twenty minutes, whereas Girl One spoke less often, speaking only three times within the time span. However, Girl One raised her voice at all speaking opportunities, while Girl Two never raised her voice and spoke in a lowered voice. I therefore conclude that the hypothesis is wrong—Girl Two, even with her demanding personality, did not raise her voice, and did not seem exasperated by Girl One’s passive attitude. Instead, it was Girl One who got â€Å"fed up†. The exercise was extremely challenging because first and foremost, I had to pretend that I did not exist. Or at least, assume a role that did not directly participate in their world. In other words, it was as if I was stalking them or spying on them. I had to persuade my friends to come with me and serve as my â€Å"cover†. I was also nervous because if I did not do well with pretending I was also looking at the dresses, or recording some descriptions about the clothes in my notebook and not about them, I probably would be blacklisted in that department store. It was challenging also, to keep my mind off formulating biased opinions; I had to concentrate on being the â€Å"unattached† social scientist role. One insight I have learned is that even some personalities that seem to clash all the time somehow complement each other and form what they call a â€Å"love-hate† relationship that defies all odds and expectations. And another is that human behavior, although inferences may be made out of them, can never be truly predicted by an outside observer because there are other factors to consider than the setting, and whatever is in the natural environment of observation at that point in time. One has to consider what happened before the trip to the mall which upset Girl One so greatly, so much so that she belied expectations. Through this exercise, I have learned that nonverbal behavior is hard to observe and describe without biases, or forming opinions about them. However, when I do try to formulate opinions, I find that nonverbal behavior gives an insight into what the subject may be thinking as much the same way as verbal behavior would. Either way, human behavior can never be predicted; we can only understand the why’s and how’s surrounding a certain action and reaction. Reference Gonnerman (2007). Surveys and Naturalistic Observation. Retrieved February 9 2008 from http:// fp.uni.edu (2007)

The Municipal Solid Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

1.0 IntroductionChapter one and only(a) provides an twainplaceview of the whole be. It begins with the background to the easily deal. It in any graphic symbol privileged certifyations the intent of the bailiwick, the job evincement, the look for inquiries and the aims. The look for hypothesis, the signifi sackce of the survey and the restrictions to the survey ar besides acceptd in this chapter.1.1 background to the Study to a greater extent than half of the cosmea s existence live in countries that atomic number 18 sort verboten as urban ( Brook and Davila, 2001 ) . taking Africa as an voice, its population lead intimately treble by 2050 and this get out be in the first place in the urban and peri-urban countries ( UN-Habitat 2001 ) . quick urbanization, which is hirerly jabn by the influx of migrators from rural countries in hunt of transgress checks, has its attendant effects. Increasing angryland generation golf-club repayable population gr owth, see to itfast life styles of people, development and ingestion of merchandises with stuffs that ar little biodegrad sufficient halt inject to the diverse ch completelyenges for municipal Solid profusion management ( MSWM ) in versatile urban centers of the universe ( Asase et al 2009 )Nemerow et Al ( 2009 ) define consentaneous rot as any concoction of straight stuffs in all(a)(prenominal) bit life-threatening as nigh liquids in imparters, which ar discarded or rejected as universe spent, useless, worthless or in superfluous. It must be noted that although vaunt might non hold any substance abuser frozen to the proprietor it exempt holds round value, curiously p functionic and metallic relinquish back still keep n archeozoic value when discarded. This is appargonnt in the reprocess of fictile wipe out and the hookup of metallic hazardous by scavengers for cycle.Harmonizing to UNEP ( 2005 ) , shoot a take out coevals rates of a groun d averageally goes up straight relative to technological forward motion in development, and the in exponent to distinguish in topographical trust drink down a gaga counselor musical arrangement. Consequently, there could be intensify urban population hazard, as a return of pronounced environsal crud.A important pro atom of urban glom in gold coast is depo come ind either on the roads, shipwayides, unapproved shit sites, in waterways, drainage arranging, or in open(a) topographic stages. In fact, comforting baseless poses assorted menaces to state- bridge overed health, and adversely affects vegetations and zoologies each bit f short tonal phase as the purlieu particularly when it is non befittingly accumulate and moved ( Geraldu, 1995 ) .Sanitation and unspoilt hygiene ar profound to wellness, endurance, growing and development. The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) maintain puzzle us on a familiar class to take up back poorness, inequalit y, thirstiness and unwellness. Having a healthy urban milieu sets a metropolis on counselling for development. The effects of self-coloured absquatulate stress is a large salute to the state in footings of wellness because when refuse ends up in the senseless topographic head word, it pollutes body of water, air and the scandal, making electronegative wellness moves, and g measlyeringers bacteriums and pests a friendly environment in which to multiply.gold coast, with a population of 23 million generates roughly 4.5 million mensuralal dozenss of material pine away a twelvemonth ( Agyepong, 2011 ) .With an estimated population of al or so 2 million people, the Kumasi seat of government generates an norm of 1,500 metric tons of fast(a) looseness daily. Out of this trades union the KMA is merely able to throw up about 1,300 metric tons go forthing the staying 200 metric tons uncollected due to incompetent counteract assembling logistics ( KMA, 2010 ) . No target about effectivity in establishment and cycle or reuse.In juvenile times, a ordinary looseness counselor-at-law option that has caught the attending of the metropolitan political science in the urban Centres is the use of hush-hush bollix perpetration companies. Though the utilisation of esoteric xerox style companies in poke outing with the challenge of expedient trouble of urban ball up is yet gaining popularity among develop states in sub-Saharan Africa, it provides a dangerous agencies of procuring a feasible b beginning program line option for urban governments and carry bying the dreams of accomplishing environmentally tripping vicinities for urban inhabitants. Prominent among the send offstage unfounded way of life companies haleed by the decamp heed plane section of the KMA to sanction carry through its authorization of turn toing potent deplete kick anaesthetizes in the city is the Zoomlion gold coast restrict, which seems to b e exe trimmedion its chthonictaking creditably in the breast of dashing challenges associated with urban self-coloured violent focus in Ghana. From literary live up tos and experts in the field of devour stress field, a set of existence insertion indexs deal the liquidate bang activities they render ( ie street sweeping, drain cleanup position, looseness accruement and establishment ) , operating theatreal readiness in footings of staffing, simple machinery and equipments, the fiscal viability of their activities etc. ar demand to sum of bills trading operations of desertland focus in the city efficaciously.1.2 Problem StatementKumasi is referred to as Garden urban center of West Africa. The latter(prenominal) is an award earned from Her Majesty fag Elizabeth II on a magnificent visit to Ghana in 1957, chiefly due to its vegetations and beauty. Kumasi is fast losing its glorification chiefly due to quick urbanisation and its attendee job of rela tively immense lay overplus to coevals and piteous drawion of the spoil. It is this instant rather cat valium to see tonss of absquatulate dotted all over the cities, normally the ground given by the mutual populace for these ugly sights is that metropolis governments give away to either provide or direct out the proviso of down containers at vantage poses. The City Authorities argon yet acc utilize of neglecting to guarantee that regular and/or universal voidance of the raging containers be through, top up where these ar provided. Individual end-users of the operate of confidential barren billing companies often complain about un calculateable emolument livery by these gaga direction kinspersons. On the different manus, these tete-a-tete thriftlessness direction houses argue that metropolis governments frustrate their pursuit for quality profit croping through bureaucratism, with respects to honoring expurgateual understandings with the City Authorities. All this leads to ineffective bodge direction.It is by and large believed that uneffective mess up direction smoke do befog of control surface H2O, groundwater, dirt, and air, which bring more(prenominal) jobs to worlds, different species, and ecosystems. Additionally, there is enthralling force of insects and gnawers, which provides a oasis for yellow febrility, the pestilence, GI parasites, worms, and assorted inauspicious gracious conditions. Several diseases, every bit corking as give the axecerous neoplastic diseases ar ca apply by exposing worlds to rots ensue from the throw a fitt gnawers and insects. idle preventive and government build up important nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations, notably methane, and contri b argonlyes significantly to pla sugarary mood diversifyation ( International chase away Activities, 2003 ) .Besides, the Kumasi metropolitan gather ( KMA ) incurs a monthly outflank of GHA?585,000.00 on the direction of unanimous bollix up in the metropolis ( KMA, 2011 ) . Intelligibly, the significant cost gnarly in unwavering cop direction at bottom the Metropolis arouses stakeholder affaire in cognizing the quality of service being rendered by contracted countervail direction houses.This survey seeks to look into the mankind instauration of urban solid baseless direction in the Kumasi Metropolis, find how effectively Zoomlion, a contracted private superfluity direction company performs its operations1.3 Aims of the StudyTo measure the prevalent manifestation of private atomic number 18a engagement via Zoomlion a privately-owned bungle direction company, with respect to urban solid bollocks direction in the Kumasi Metropolis.Specific Aims of the survey arTo measure the operational ability of Zoomlion in footings of staffing and equipment for healthy operations.To gauge the measure of exorbitance handled per plosive and its associated cost.To gauge the crying(a) generated and the fis cal viability of municipal solid bollocks direction operations of Zoomlion.To measure solid drive out cycle activity in Kumasi Metropolis.To find the challenges of blow out direction and perceptual start out of end-users on quality of yen direction in Kumasi.1.4 Research QuestionsThe inquiries this survey seeks to turn to arWhat is the operational capacity of Zoomlion in footings of staffing and equipment for effectual operation?What argon the measure of run out handled per period and its associated cost?What be the gross generated and the fiscal viability of the municipal solid direction operations of Zoomlion?What solid crazy recycling activities ar in the Metropolis?What ar the challenges of boast direction and perceptual experience of end-users on quality of waste direction in Kumasi?1.5 Justification of the surveyEfficient urban waste direction is important in the progress and nutriment of the bureau of millenary metropolis by Kumasi. Indeed, sanitization buil ds one of the major focal points of the Millennium Cities Initiatives societal sector and investment-related research in Kumasi. K directledge of the alumna of efficiency of waste direction by the Zoom king of beasts in the Kumasi Metropolis and the challenges faced in the bringing of this service would guarantee snap off grasp of the kineticss of urban waste direction by all stakeholders including policy shapers. It would besides supply exact training to prospective investors in the urban waste direction venture. Assorted surveies absorb been conducted sing urban waste direction in the Kumasi Metropolis but gauzy or nil seems to hold been done in the country of measure the everyday origination of private urban waste direction houses, and consequences from this survey entrust make full the cognition spread.1.6 Scope of the StudyThe survey would be carried out in spite of appearance the Kumasi Metropolis in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The survey seeks to analyse the wa ste direction policy of KMA waste section and the operations of its associated contracted private waste companies in the Kumasi Metropolis. Zoomlion Ghana Limited would be utilize as a display case survey for the whole attempt. The specialise for the survey includes staff members of the KMA waste section, Zoomlion Ghana Limited every bit uncorrupted as that of little recycling concern ( scavengers ) . The participants for the survey would be selected utilizing simple ergodic trying whereby each participant would hold an equal opport unity of being relate in the survey. The impost of simple random sampling is to enable the research doer head off any signifier of biaseness in the choice mathematical process. Interviews, questionnaires and observation would be utilize to arouse the needed information from the aim group. Performance Indexs are frequent disruption of vehicles and equipments, payment of service fees, logistical restraints, monitor/ supervising by KMA, abre gation/revision of contractual understanding, and consciousness of sanitization pass Torahs.1.7 hindrance of the StudyAcquisition of information on cost of operations and gross generated by Zoomlion Gh Ltd is anticipated to be hard because of the gamey confidentiality that persons and concerns attach to much(prenominal)(prenominal) information. Most functionaries will non voluntarily turn over interviews until they have sought permission from gameyer(prenominal) authorization.1.8 Structure of the StudyThe survey is structured into quint chapters. Chapter one will present the survey including the background, the job statement, aims and the undertaking range. Chapter cardinal will supply information refering to reexamine of literature relevant to the survey subject. In this chapter, the bing essential structure of cognition would be reviewed to compensate set up the theoretical world for the thesis. Chapter parkland chord will capture the research modeological analysis , detailing the research instruments and techniques that would be employed by the research proletarian in roll uping informations, analyzing the information and construing the consequences. Chapter 4 will give an overview of the consequences of informations collected in chapter three, together with analysis and treatment with impress to findings of other similar surveies. Chapter five will wrap up the whole survey by supplying information refering to the sum-up, the finale and recommendation of the survey.Chapter TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Definition of profligacy satisfyings that are non necessarily classified as premier merchandises are regarded as waste. By and large, these stuffs are those that the origin intends to dispose of. Further, these stuffs do non happen extra use with regard to alter, ingestion, or merchandise by the generator of the waste. The coevals of wastes whitethorn ensue from ingrained stuffs extraction, immanent stuffs treating into in-process and ut n igh merchandises, the use of absolute merchandises and diverse military personnel actions. The recycling of remainders or unmoved reuse are non include ( GST, 2002 ) .The re tour of substances to the environment is a end point of the misadventure of a rude(a) portion of the reuse. The wastes recycled by populating beings are excreted by in-take of natural stuffs by populating beings. yet, a distantther flow of the difference of stuffs that would make an overload of the capacity of mathematical function involved in natural recycling is produced by people. Therefore, to vamoose down their impact on the wellness, aesthetics and the environment, there should be proper direction of the wastes ( environmental Literacy Council, 2002 ) . unreal systems which emphasize the stinting value of stuffs and energy, and where occupation and ingestion are the dominant economic activities. Such systems tend to be super destructive of the environment as they take in monolithic ingestion of natural crown and energy, return the end merchandise ( waste ) to the environment in a signifier that amendss the environment and necessitate more natural capital be consumed in gild to feed the system. Where resources and in delimited are finite ( the Earth is non acquiring any larger ) this is finally non sustainable. The presence of waste is an index finger of overconsumption and that stuffs are non being use efficiently ( Fullcycle, 2009 ) .2.2 Types of waste matter2.2.1 Municipal Solid dissolution ( MSW )The terminology municipal solid waste ( MSW ) is used for the wastes that are collected from moneymaking(prenominal)ized buildings, families, let down industrial procedures and establishments wish well schools and infirmaries. The chief constituents of MSW are yard recreateingss, containers and packing stuffs, wastes from intellectual nourishments, story and containers. In add-on, the pursuit whitethorn besides be contained in MSW industrial sludge, which may be either non-hazardous or dangerous from n, building, excavation, and processes involved in fabrication. There is no quick menace to the wellness of homo or the natural environment, if MSW is managed decently.In Ghana solid waste refers chiefly toDomestic waste ( waste from nutrient readying, brushing, discarded family points ) ,Municipal waste ( waste generated in commercial Centres ) ,Industrial waste ( e.g. wood waste, waste from butcheries and nutrient affect industries, metal refuses from garages ) ( Poku, 2009 ) .2.2.2 WasteExisting in a solid, liquid or vaporous signifier, a waste stuff may be flammable, reactive, caustic or toxic. patronage the fact that the term waste is associated with groundless stuffs, the former includes merchandises used on a day-to-day footing. Waste stuffs include garment Polish, detergents, batteries, used oil from motorised conveyance, and pigment. Additionally, the mathematical product processes of several times that we use day-to- day generate risky wastes. Legislations have been beat in in topographic point to proscribe commercial and industrial concerns to exclude off their wastes from the point of coevals till the crop of governance. In order to understate the risky temperament of wastes, the latter is much make to undergo preventative with a position to modifying their biologic, chemical and somatic features. In contemporary times, many industrial concerns intensify their production processes or replace harmful stuffs with less insecure 1s in the value concatenation, so as to understate the coevals of risky wastes.2.2.3 E-WasteIn advanced(a) times, there is a sassy waste watercourse, which is competently termed e-waste . The term e-waste is utilize to electronic equipment and appliances that are utilised by industries and end-users, which have virtually come to the terminal of their utile life. The equipment and appliances in inquiry include facsimile machines, duplicators and telecasting trys. Classical illustrations of e-waste are the cathode beam tubings in telecastings and computing machine proctors, which are virtually exhausted. The fact that these equipment and appliances contain risky stuffs airss challenges during their giving medication. On history of the shortfall of proper processs to pull off them, well-nigh of the e-waste sits lazily, alternatively of being recycled or being reused. Reselling and contribution to charities by their proprietor are some(prenominal) of the ways by which some of these equipment and appliances could be put to good function.2.3 idea of Solid WasteInformation on the typography of solid waste is of import in measuring alternate equipment demands, systems, and direction programme and programs for solid waste solicitation ( Tchobanoglous et al. , 1993 ) . For case, if wastes are generated from a commercial installation that consists of merely paper merchandises, the usage of particular treating equipment such as shredders and balers may be appropriate. Separate accruement may besides be considered if different metropolis accumulation bureaus are involved. Harmonizing to ( Asase et al. , 2009 ) the composing of solid waste in the Kumasi metropolis is preponderantly made of perishable stuffs and elevated per centum of inert stuffs which include wood ash, rachis and wood coal. Table 2.1 shows the solid waste composing in the Kumasi country.Table 2.1 write up of Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) for Kumasi in 2011Waste constituentPercentage of Municipal Solid Waste constituentOrganic Material40.19Plastics19.86Glass/ bottles1.20Paper and composition placard7.04Metallic elements2.23Fabrics6.94Inert ( Sand, ash, all right organics, destruction waste ) Material20.84 timberland1.71Entire100.00Beginning KMA weapon of freshet destruction ( 2012 )2.4 Waste charge pecking orderThe waste direction pecking order can be traced back to the seventiess, when the environment motion started to review the pattern of government- ground waste direction. Rather than sing rubbish as a homogeneous mass that should be interred, they argued that it was made up of different stuffs that should be treated otherwise some should nt be produced, some should be reused, some recycled or composted, some should be burnt and others buried ( Schall 1992 ) .The waste hierarchy refers to the practical ways of pull offing waste with the chief usance of pull outing maximal benefits from merchandises and bring forth minimal sum of waste, the ways are listed in order of importance. They are low gear devolve and reuse, recycle and composting, energy retrieval and in conclusion, discourse and disposal. ( US EPA, 2012 ) Below is graphical theatrical of the waste direction Hierarchy, with the least favorite(a) option, disposal marked at the undersurface of the trigon, and at the top is the close to desirable option, that is beginning decrease and reuse. Unfortunately WMD of KMA pattern the least preferable option, which is the the disposal at the landfill site, that means our direction system in the city is non the best and it looks non sustainable excessively without the other intercessions shown on the diagram. point in time centigrades UsersuserDesktopwaste_hierarchy_green_400pxw.pngFigure 2.1 Waste focus HierarchyBeginning . ( US EPA, 2012 )2.4.1 Source diminution and ReuseThis intercession or scheme agencies shave drink waste at beginning, uprise downing the sum of waste you produce actually prevents it from stacking up. To travel by this scheme, avoid unneeded packaging, and points designed to be used merely one time. Example, a fixed re-useable bags should be used for shopping alternatively of roll uping a batch of polyethene bags.recycle points saves a batch of energy, natural resources, saves gold for consumers and concerns. For illustration functional containers, vesture, furniture etc can be donated to charity alternatively of dispose them at the slobber shock t o growing waste coevals. ( US EPA, 2012 ) .2.4.2 Recycling and compostingRecyclingThe collection of used points and discarded stuffs and treating them into untried-fangled merchandises is referred to as recycling. In recycling, there is minimization of the quantum that is otherwise discarded into the rubbish bins of communities. This consequences in relatively clean environment, spot best(p)ing the quality of the close air ( Lave et al.,1999 ) . Some of the benefits of recycling waste are resource efficiency, palliation in the impact on the environment from waste hinderance and the disposal thereof. In consequence, this leads to a purgatorial gene and a healthier environment. Extra benefits include a lessening in infinite for landfill sites, thereby, salvaging money and clip. There is besides a net economy in the quantum of resources required for bring forthing of bare-assed and advanced merchandises ( Tchobanoglous et al. , 2003 ) .During composting, which is a biologic al procedure, bacteriums and kingdom Fungi micro-organisms help the excursionion of biodegradable substances into other stuffs which look like humus. This procedure leads to a substance with the features of a dirt, which is recondite in C and N and provides a medium for seting harvests and trees. The composting procedure allows waste in kitchens to be put to good usage as foods through recycling some utile substances in waste nutrient and other stuffs. Composting combines the advantages of cleanliness, safety, bargain rate, musical composition markedly understating the quantum of refuse intended for the rubbish bins. Compost stuff, which is an organic type of a fertiliser, may be used alternatively of chemical fertilisers chiefly for the growth of veggies. other advantage of compost is its leaning to retain H2O, while doing the dirt comparatively easy to cultivate. More significantly, the ability of the make believes to retain foods is help by compost ( Mensah and Larbi, 20 05 ) . In general, the ambient conditions in Ghana are really suited for composting.2.4.3 Energy RecoveryThis intercession is retrieving functional energy such as heat, electricity, or fuel from waste stuffs that are to recycle and recycle, peculiarly plastics, through assortment procedures including burning, gasification, anaerobiotic digestion, landfill gas recovery and pyrolization. Example solid waste can be combusted at really superior temperatures which produces heat, that heat is used to change over H2O in to steam. That steam can be used to turn turbines to bring forth electricity ( US EPA, 2012 ) .2.4.4 Treatment and DisposalThis intercession is the last of the assorted solid waste direction options mentioned above.There are many different methods of disposing of solid waste in the universe but the nigh common methods used in Ghana and other parts of Africa are landfill, heart-to-heart dumping and incineration. Landfill is the most common and possible histories for mo re than 90 per centum of the state s municipal garbage even though landfills have been proven contaminates of imbibing H2O in certain countries. Landfills are constructed and operated to strict environmental criterions, illustration the line drives are designed in a manner to protect the land H2O.2.5 Waste Management IndexsWaste Management Indicators are variables that ascertain the earth presentation of waste direction operations. These indexs are more often than not derived from literature and experts in the field of waste. From the contractual understandings ( signed between the WMD of KMA and the private waste direction s companies in the Kumasi Metropolis, usual presentation indexs like the waste direction activities and how they are suppose to put to death it ( ie. waste ingathering from house and communal garbage dump and disposal ) , operational capacity in footings of staffing, machinery and equipments are listed in it. Garcia-Sanchez ( 2007 ) besides used street clea nsing, waste solicitation and the intervention of solid waste as indexs on the humanity presentation of Spanish solid waste assembly.2.6 Theory of Waste ManagementIn industrialized states the waste direction patterns evolved with the 1970 s concentrating on cauterise downing environmental impacts ( Tanskanen, 2000 ) . This was done by making controlled landfill sites ( Read, 2003 ) , set uping waste transportation Stationss or airting waste assembling vehicle paths ( Truitt et al. 1969 ) . The 1980 s and betimes 1990 s focused on new technological solutions for waste direction while the mid 1990 s until today, the focal point is on resource recovery ( Read, 2003 ) . In this respect recycling, incineration, composting and bioreactor intervention for energy and alimentary recovery methods are include in MSWM systems ( Chang and Wei, 1999 MacDonald, 1996a ) .Changes in waste direction policies in recent times have shifted waste direction planning from trust on landfill towards Integrated Solid Waste Management ( ISWM ) attacks ( Read, 2003 ) . New directives/legislations are being declare in the EU and the US on waste disposal in the interlocking of the environment. Examples among them are the January 1st 2003 addition in revenue enhancement to 370 Swedish Kronor per ton of landfilled waste in Sweden ( RVF, 2003 ) and the 1993 fall in States imagery Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) caption D which requires landfills to be impermeably lined and fit out with leachate and gas appeal equipment ( Pacey, 1999 ) . These policies and their enforcement have helped the substantial states in implementing the waste hierarchy bar, stuffs recovery, incineration and landfill. For case the 1993 Government Action Plan on Waste and Recycling in Denmark set out to accomplish marks of 54 % recycling, 25 % incineration and 21 % landfill by the twelvemonth 2000 ( Sakai et al. , 1996 ) . In the development universe nevertheless, hapless enforcement or non-exist ence of waste direction policies have resulted in the dependance on unfastened dumping. Improvements in the country of building recuperative landfills in these parts have most oftentimes been supported by the knowledge base Bank and other bilateral donor bureaus ( Johannessen and Boyer, 1999 ) .2.6.1 Waste CollectionThe term waste aggregation includes non merely the aggregation of solid waste from assorted beginnings but besides the truck of these wastes to the location where the contents of the aggregation vehicles are emptied ( Tchobanoglous et al. , 1993 ) . Waste aggregation is besides draw as a constituent of waste direction which consequences in the transition of waste stuffs from the beginning of production to either the point of intervention or last-place disposal site ( Sampson, 2003 ) .The manner and mode in which waste is collected in footings of vehicle types, capacities, staffing degrees and unit of ammunition constellation depends on the disposition of the aggre gation. For illustration family / commercial, and the contractual agreements put in topographic point ( working(a) hours, disposal points, stuffs collected and receptacles used, e.g. black bag, wheelie-bin, chromatic poke ) .Harmonizing to Tchobanoglous et Al. ( 1993 ) , waste aggregation starts with the containers retentivity stuffs that a generator has designated as no longer utile and ends with the transit of the solid waste to a location for processing or disposal. In high income countries, the private waste aggregation companies collect the waste straight from families with compactor trucks for dumping pieces in low and in-between income countries, occupants carry their waste to public waste containers provided by the Waste Management Department at communal aggregation points ( Boadi and Kuitunen, 2003 ) .2.6.2 Waste Collection Service/MethodsSolid waste aggregation systems and methods in Kumasi are unbalanced to cover a big portion of the metropolis, peculiarly, in hapless homesteader colonies, and remote vicinity to roll up all the expected waste to be generated in the metropoliss ( Boadi and Kuitunen, 2003 ) . The chief types of waste aggregation methods are roll uping co-mingle or non-separated waste at beginning and waste at beginning separated. Waste aggregation methods vary astray between different states and parts. Domestic waste aggregation operate are frequently provided by local authorities governments, or by private industry. Developing states do non hold a starchy waste-collection system even though these states are now following some of the popular waste aggregation systems around the universe. For case in Australia, the curbside aggregation is the method of disposal of waste where every urban domestic family is provided with three bins one for recyclables, another for general waste and another for garden stuffs. These bins are provided by the municipality if requested. In Ghana the metropolitan, Municipal and partition Assemblies are responsible for the aggregation and concluding disposal of solid waste through their Waste Management Departments ( WMDs ) and their environmental health and Sanitation Departments ( www.ghanadistrics.com, 2009 ) .There are two chief types of waste aggregation services that are delivered by the private hustlers in the Kumasi Metropolis. These are house-to-house and communal aggregation services. Peter et al. , ( 2009 ) asserted that the backing of the house-to-house aggregation services in the Kumasi Metropolis increased from 2.1 per cent of the population in 1999 to 20.8 per cent in 2005. It was besides sight that occupants of the metropolis are willing to friend the service if satisfactory degrees of service could be guaranteed.2.6.3 Household and Commercial Waste CollectionFamily wastes are by and large generated from places. They are self-possessed in waste bins, plastic or metal containers, plastic bags for aggregation by waste aggregator utilizing a waste aggregation v ehicle. The waste generated from families are carried to cardinal waste aggregation point ( assign Stationss ) where they would be loaded into a vehicle and either sent to a landfill site or to an alternate waste intervention installation. The sum of waste generated from families and commercial topographic points far exceeds the muckle collected. Harmonizing to Boadi and Kuitunen ( 2003 ) , 60 % of the inherent waste generated in Accra is collected y primordial go forthing the 40 % ungathered. Harmonizing to the Kumasi Waste Management Department ( 2009 ) , and the private waste direction companies in Kumasi, their inability to roll up all the waste generated from the families and the commercial countries are as a consequence of hapless route web within the metropolis, unequal waste aggregation containers and the frequent interruption down of bulldozers and compactors at the landfill site. Harmonizing to Boadi and Kuitunen, ( 2003 ) , households fixing to alternate ways of dispo sing their waste. For case in high income countries waste bins are non emptied in clip coercing abode to engage persons to dispose of the waste at the cardinal aggregation points. In low income countries, the containers are non withdraw in clip and this causes people to dump waste in un take placed mopess such as canals, H2O organic structures, and surface drains.2.6.4 Logisticss of Solid Waste CollectionPast methods of planning for and runing waste aggregation systems are under force per unit area, ensuing from the demand to go bad the aggregation systems to protect the environment and public safety. Sampson ( 2003 ) stated in his study that waste aggregation and conveyance has important environmental, wellness and safety deductions every bit good as the economic cost due to the types of logistics that are used to roll up and transport the waste. The complete measure of waste coevals keeps increase coupled with the nature and type of waste produced in our technological society g ives the complexness of the type of logistics requires for the aggregation of waste. There are a project of barriers that limit attempts to better the efficiency of waste aggregation logistics ( Sampson, 2003 ) . These areThe inconsistent nature of waste production, with fluctuations happening on a hebdomadal and seasonal footing and from street-to-street and region-to-region, chafe limitations, intending that non all propertys can be serviced by the same vehicles,Ineffective matching of vehicles to unit of ammunitions, andVariations in stuff bringing points over clip, a state of affairs that will originate more often as stuff reprocessing and bringing to new markets increases.To better the efficiency of waste aggregation logistics the followers may be consideredRaising the issue of logistics earlier in the planning stages of unified waste direction systems,Phased debut of new aggregation strategies such that conveyance jobs can be addressed and costs more to the full understood prior to full outline toleration,Partnership working, e.g. through dual-lane terminals,Improved apprehension of the capablenesss of the asset-base,Collection and usage of operational public presentation informations to inform future planning,Effective periodic work programming and routing, andEventuality planning, e.g. for unplanned apogee of waste disposal installations.2.6.5 Methods of Waste DisposalThere are many different methods of disposing of solid waste in the universe but the most common methods used in Ghana and other parts of Africa are landfill, unfastened dumping and incineration. Landfill is the most common and likely histories for more than 90 per centum of the state s municipal garbage even though landfills have been proven contaminates of imbibing H2O in certain countries. The most common methods of disposing solid waste are describe belowLandfillDisposing of waste in landfill involves sepulture the waste in cavities and this is the most common pattern in most states. It is the most cost effectual method of disposal, with aggregation and transit accounting for 75 per centum of the entire cost ( Bassis, 2009 ) . In a modern landfill, garbage is dispersed thin, compacted in beds and cover by a bed of clean Earth. Pollution of surface H2O and groundwater is minimised by run alonging and contouring the fill, packing and seting the topmost overwhelm bed, deviating drainage, and choosing proper sites non capable to deluging or high groundwater degrees. The best dirt for a landfill is mud because clay is less permeable than other types of dirt ( Mensa and Larbi, 2005 ) . Materials disposed off in a landfill can be farther secured from escapes by solidifying them in stuffs such as cement, fly ash from berth workss, asphalt, or organic polymers.A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and comparatively cheap method of disposing of waste stuffs. Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can make a image of inaus picious environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter and coevals of liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas ( largely composed of methane and C dioxide ) , which is produced as a consequence of anaerobiotic break down of organic waste. This gas can make odour jobs, kill surface flora, and is a nursery gasOpen dumpingOpen mopess was a popular method of waste disposal in the early parts of the twentieth century. This involved disposing the waste in unfastened mopess without any screen or protection. Dumpss were normally dictated in countries where there was land in copiousness. A common site for unfastened mopess is cast out mines, preies, swamps and hillsides. The waste is normally piled up every bit long as the equipments being used can pull off to travel in and out of the garbage dump. Open mopess are popular in developing states as a path of waste disposal ( Tchobanoglous et al. , 1993 ) . It is practised in the families on a smaller receive postpone and sporadically burned to come down down the volume of waste and in some cases it is levelled and compacted. This is a common pattern in Ghana.IncinerationIncineration is another method of solid waste disposal. Incineration is a method of excitement waste that is combustible at high temperatures in the scope of 1000 grades Celsius in other to cut down the waste to ashes. Incineration is more expensive but a safer method of disposal than landfills ( Bassis, 2009 ) . Modern incinerators are designed to destruct at least 99.9 % of the organic waste stuff they handle. drool burned in incinerators can poison air, dirt, and H2O. Incineration converts waste stuffs in to heat, gas, steam and ash. Communities move up incinerators have objected to them because of frights about possible emanations of gassy pollutants ( Bach et al. , 2009 ) .The national policy in Ghana endorses the seting in topographic point of miniaturized workss for incinerating risky and wellness attention wastes. relatively little incinerating workss have been built as portion of the wellness proviso foundation garment in most of the towns holding wellness installations in the state. The incinerators, which are really simplistic in building, are made up of cement, clay bricks and metal. These incinerators are normally pink-slipped by woodfuel and are easy operated and hold by the wellness staff of the territorial dominion Assemblies. It worthy of note these local incinerators do non hold the needed environmental controls ( Mensah and Larbi, 2005 ) .Recycling methodsRecycling is change overing used and cast-off stuffs into new merchandises. This is a signifier O f decrease of waste disposed, ensuing in cleansing agent environment and besides full-grown in fresher air to take a breath ( Lave et al. , 1999 ) . Waste recycling has some important advantages such as minimum usage of natural stuffs, cut downing imparts on environment, originating from waste intervention and disposal and makes the milieus cleansing agent and healthier. Additionally saves on landfill infinite, money, and cut downing the measure of energy needed to manufacture new merchandises ( Tchobanoglous et al.. , 1993 ) .A big phase of the waste generated in our houses can be recycled and reused. Organic kitchen waste such as remnant grocery, vegetable Peels, and spoilt or dried fruits and veggies can be recycled by seting them in the compost cavities that have been turn over in the garden. Old newspapers, magazines and bottles can be sold to the adult male who buys these points from places ( United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007 ) .CompostingComposting is a biological procedure in which micro-organisms, chiefly fungi and bacteriums, convert degradable organic waste into humus-like substance. This finished merchandise, which looks like dirt, is high in C and N and is an first-class medium for bit workss. The procedure of composting ensures that the waste produced in the kitchens is non carelessly thrown and left to decompose. It recycles the foods and returns them to the dirt as foods. Apart from being clean, inexpensive, and safe, composting can significantly cut down the sum of useable refuse. The organic fertiliser can be used alternatively of chemical fertilisers and is better when used for veggies. It increases the dirt s ability to keep H2O and makes the dirt easier to cultivate. It helps the dirt to retain more of the works foods ( Mensah and Larbi, 2005 ) . Generally, conditions in Ghana are really impart for composting in footings of the waste composing and conditions conditions. However, composting has never flourished as an option for garbage intervention and disposal. Most local governments feel, based on local experience, that the running costs of composting workss are inordinate and indefensible ( Mensah and Larbi, 2005 ) . The lone know big composting works in Ghana was built with external giver support and commissioned in the early 1980s. Du ring its early old ages of operation the works was utile in assisting cut down the volume of waste. However, high care costs adversely affected its sustainability. In the last a couple of(prenominal) old ages most of the mechanical constituents have been decommissioned and the works presently operates merely for presentation intents.2.7 Waste Costing2.7.1 Environmental CostssAdditionally, there is attractive force of insects and gnawers, which provides a oasis for xanthous febrility, the pestilence, GI parasites, worms, and assorted inauspicious human conditions. Several diseases, every bit good as malignant neoplastic diseases are caused by exposing worlds to wastes ensuing from the burnt gnawers and insects.Waste can pollute surface H2O, groundwater, dirt, and air, which causes more jobs for worlds, other species, and ecosystems. ( Diaz et al. , 2006 ) Waste intervention and disposal produces important green house gas ( GHG ) emanations, notably methane, and contributes significa ntly to planetary clime alteration ( International Waste Activities, 2003 ) .2.7.2 loving CostssWaste direction is a important environmental justness issue. Many of the environmental stacks cited above are more frequently borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, adult females, and occupants of developing states. NIMBY ( not-in-my-back-yard ) is a popular term used to depict the unsusceptibility of occupants to a proposal for a new development near to them ( Wolsink, 1994 ) . However, the demand for amplification and siting of waste intervention and disposal installations is increasing worldwide. There is now a turning market in the transboundary motion of waste, and although most waste that flows between states goes between develop states, a important sum of waste is moved from developed to developing states ( Ray, 2008 ) .2.7.3 sparing CostssThe costs of pull offing waste are comparatively high, and the cost is frequently beared by authoritiess ( Muck and Bra ss, 2009 ) . Cost of operation can be reduced by expeditiously designed aggregation paths, modifying vehicles, and with public instruction. Environmental policies such as affiance as you dump can cut down the cost of direction and cut down waste measures. Waste recovery ( that is, recycling, reuse ) can be cut down economic costs because it avoids pull outing natural stuffs and frequently cuts transit costs ( Carlsson Reich, 2005 ) . The location of waste intervention and disposal installations frequently has an impact on retention values due to dust, noise, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The unrecognized sector consists usually the choosers of waste who scavenge for plastics, glass, metals, fabrics etc for sale. These scavengers can significantly alter or cut down waste collected, but there are alot of challenges that comes into drama, illustration maltreatment of workers and development, poorness, disease, ( Wilson et al. , 2006 ) .2.8 Overview of Solid Waste Man agement in GhanaThe 2000 Housing and Population nose count reports that on the national degree, 4.8 % of families have their solid waste collected straight from their home, 7.9 % burn their family garbage, 57.6 % usage assorted family receptacles for storage and direct it to designated public mopess including communal-container Stationss or parasiticidal sites. It is describe that 25.9 % of families dump their garbage at unspecified locations including vacant tonss, drains, embankment of H2O classs, rivers, lakes and wetlands.Chiefly, there are two solid waste aggregation systems in Ghana gateway to door aggregation system which takes topographic point in the low denseness countries of the urban Centres, and communal aggregation system in the high denseness countries. There is some sum of pre-collection in countries of hapless approachability based on the usage of manual(a) and Motorized Tricycles introduced by Zoomlion. Waste disposal in Ghana is chiefly by landfilling and p resently the state can vaunt of merely two Sanitary Landfill installations located in Kumasi and Tamale. Two others are under building in Sekondi-Takoradi and Tema. The other metropoliss and towns depend on garbage dumps for their waste disposal. Other systems such as incineration, waste to energy, anaerobiotic digestion, etc have so far remained at explorative phases, with the exclusion of composting which is at the execution phase at Zoomlion ( Agyepong, 2011 ) . Engineered landfills are constructed to run into specific environmental criterions including low permeableness clay line drive and natural flow ( gravitation based ) leachate direction ( Boyer and Johannessen, 2010 ) .The first Waste Management Department ( WMD ) , Accra Metropolitan situation s Weapon of mass destruction, was inaugurated in 1985 with the transition of the so mechanic Engineers Department which was entirely responsible for pull offing the workshop for vehicle/equipment fix and care to include solid wa ste aggregation and disposal services. The Kumasi Metropolitan Authority s Waste Management Department ( KMA-WMD ) followed in 1992 with the aid of the UNDP-Kumasi Sanitation Project. The oversea Development Association, ODA ( now DFID ) of the UK besides provided vehicles, machinery and equipment under the Kumasi Solid Waste Disposal undertaking ( 1992 1995 ) ( Salifu, 2011 ) .2.9.1 National Environmental Sanitation insurance policyThe Environmental Sanitation Policy is aimed at developing and memory a clean, safe and nice physical environment in all human colonies, to advance the societal, economic and physical wellbeing of all subdivisions of the population. It comprises a attribute of complementary activities, including the building and care of sound substructure, the proviso of services, public instruction, community and wholeness action, ordinance and statute law ( MLGRD, 1999 ) .The Policy besides outlines the functions and duties of the Community and Individuals. Guar anting good environmental sanitization is the duty of all citizens, communities, private sector, endeavors, NGOs and authorities establishments. All these histrions have an of the essence(p) portion to play in keeping a high criterion of environmental sanitation. The policy indicates that, every person, constitution or establishment shall be responsible for purgatorial within and in the immediate environments of the belongings they pertain, including entree ways and the drains and roads bordering the belongings Impermanent storage of wastes within the belongings and disposal thereof outside the belongings, as may be directed by the competent authorization Taking go to forestall the genteelness of disease vectors within and in the immediate environments of the belongings they occupy Guaranting that the wider environment is non polluted or otherwise adversely affected by their activities hygienically disposing of all wastes they generate in public countries by usage of an authorize d public lavatory or solid waste container as appropriate Participating in all communal environmental sanitation exercisings organised by the community or its representatives ( MLGRD, 1999 ) .The policy besides entrusts in the Assemblies the index finger to proclaim bye-laws and ordinances to assist in their environmental sanitation direction procedure. To complement these attempts, the tribunal is expected to set up and authorise Community Tribunals to prosecute wrongdoers against environmental sanitation bye-laws and ordinances ( MLGRD, 1999 ) . This is a clear chance for KMA to rate rigorous environmental sanitation bye-laws to do the metropolis dwellers responsible for environmental sanitation in Kumasi to guarantee good environmental sanitation patterns.2.8.2 Environmental Sanitation Bye-Laws in the Kumasi Metropolitan AreaSound environmental jurisprudence and cheek are indispensable for protecting the natural environment and the life and supports that depend on it. Governa nce here refers to the Assembly s usage of a scope of well-grounded tools to necessitate or advance coveted behavior. These tools could be traditional ordinances, environmental appraisals, information revelation demands, market mechanisms, economic inducements, or public policies to advance voluntary action on a graduated table that will heighten urban environmental sanitation and environmental protection. The sum-up of the Bye-laws includes the followersKumasi Metropolitan Assembly ( House Owners and Occupier ) Bye-Laws, 1995. This bye-law defines the duties of house proprietors, belongings proprietors, renters or other residents in maintaining their immediate environment clean. It besides prescribes the penalisation that should be meted out with wrongdoers of the bye-laws.Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly ( Sanitation ) Bye-Laws, 1995. This bye-law besides covers general sanitation or hygiene. It describes what constitutes a sanitation horror and what should non be done by both b elongings proprietors and walkers to do pollution in the metropolis.Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly ( Cleansing ) Bye-Laws, 1995 The cleansing bye-law regulates activities that promote ocular pollution and nuisances and prescribes punishments for such offenses.2.9 Challenges of Waste Management Private-Sector Engagement as RedressBefore 1995 solid waste direction in Ghana was run strictly as a authorities monopoly ( Post et al. , 2003 ) . However the authorities was neglecting to adequately turn to the healthful demands of its citizens and failures in public service capable the sphere to assorted manners of public-private cooperation ( Thompson, 2010 ) .The formal battle of private sector in everyday services, commenced earnestly with the denationalization of sinkhole emptying services in Kumasi. It was a logical next-step to formalise private-sector engagement in solid waste direction every bit good. And so in transporting out the Urban Environment Review, in 1994, with support fr om the World Bank, the issue of turn toing institutional functions was given much importance. The urban followup which led to the readying of the first-phase of the Urban Environmental Sanitation Project ( UESPI ) which is in its second stage ( UESPII ) influenced the navigation of franchise zones for solid waste services in Accra, Sekondi-Takoradi, Kumasi and Tamale. The purpose was for an incremental enlargement of zones to finally cover the whole of each metropolis which is broadly speaking the agreement we see today ( Salifu, 2011 ) .In a presentation made at a UN conference on edifice partnerships for traveling towards zero waste, Agyepong ( 2011 ) outlined some issues identified by private operator ( s ) as barriers to private-sector-participation or public-private-partnerships which included proliferation of statute law that entrenches public-monopoly of bringing of services, incorrect attitudes of the general populace to solid waste disposal, sustainable funding, hapless planning and rapid urbanisation, weak human resource capacity and research support base, and political relations.Harmonizing to Salifu ( 2011 ) as portion of the solid waste direction betterment services of the five largest metropoliss in Ghana UESP1 implemented an luxuriant strategy for private sector engagement. Subsequent acceptance of franchise direction for the aggregation of solid waste meant to get down on pilot footing was replaced with the debut of the City and Country Waste Limited city-wide spying enterprise in Accra by AMA. The constrictions of the both the franchise system and contract manner of service bringing has includedThe Torahs declaring such franchise or contract zones were simply announced without the corresponding gazeted bye-laws supporting these declarations The capacity of private operators to roll up the fees ( under franchise ) Where pockets of communal-storage containers at public topographic points like markets and lorry Parkss are within the franchis e zones, costs of these were still to be borne by MMDAs through their IGFs, with high default rates of payment of contractors in some cases up to 6 months execrable aggregation modus operandis by private operators that gnaw at assurance of occupants Start-up pilot zones gave the feeling of an experiment, peculiarly when aggregation by the metropolis s ain side-loading truck ( in the instance of Kumasi ) was still traveling on in countries where fee-collection was left to drivers and secret agents Other establishments like the Army, Prisons, Police, Civil Aviation and others operated parallel aggregation strategies for their barracks and from cottages of senior forces.