Airline Regulation

Airline regulation has been a subject of debate for a long time now. This has been due to various views that have been expressed by various stake holders who hold that there are pros can cons of government regulation of the airline industry.This paper will try to look at various issues that surround the regulation of the airline industry by the government.            1.Is the regulation from the government necessary again?The regulation from the government is necessary at the airline industry. The reason as to why the government should regulate the airlines is because of lack of uniformity and decrease in quality of services. If the government could regulate the industry, this be avoided since there will be a fair playing ground in the industry. This would also encourage various airlines to concentrate on safety matters and equip the aircrafts with required systems by the law.According to Aarons (1996) the USAF B737-200 clashed killing all 34 on board and the sources say that the aircraft was not equipped with all systems required by the civil regulation, (FDR, CVR, TCAS 11or WDS AND GPS). If this aircraft was equipped with the above systems, the accident could not have occurred.         2. How far should the government go in tightening or loosening its control over the industry?The government should control only the fare and airport charges nationwide. This would help in unifying the great competition affecting smaller airlines from larger airlines. Some areas have few passengers than other areas and if an airline monopolize in those routes they may run at a loss.The government should standardize the charges depending on the weight of the aircraft and which airfield the airline is flying or operating from. The government should not be interfering with the airlines marketing strategy.   (Economic Council of Canada, 1999)         3.How have the events of the September 11 attack affected your decision on airline Regulation?After the September 11 attack, airlines were affected as many people feared to fly and the effects were felt in other areas as the incoming flights reduced drastically in fear of more attacks.  Through the government regulation, people were assured of safety as the government established a board to investigate the matters regarding the attack. No airline would claim to be safe than the other because they should all follow set rules. After the attack, only the strong/bigger airlines were able to ferry passengers in the country because they were able to make more flights in given period for they could afford to reserve some seats for security personnel, this favored them affecting smaller airlines.In one incidence, a passenger was found with a pistol on a flight to, the airline’s public relations manager said would take the matter to ensure that the security at the airport was tightened. (Air transport news, World Air news magazine february1994)        4.How do war and a weak economy change your perception of government regulation?When war engulf a country, there is a possibility of disruption of flight schedules which makes some areas becomes partially or completely inaccessible. If there is no government intervention, the airlines suffers losses.   But if the government regulates the economy may stabilize which comes as relief to the a ffected airlines.When the growth of the economy slows down and the strength of the currency weakens, cost goes up including fuel, the airlines fare goes up as a result. There is need for government regulation in this case in order to slow lower the cost of fuel operation.ConclusionPartial regulation by the government is important to put some kind of control in the industry. This would be in line with protecting the interests of the passengers and the interest of the airlines.ReferenceAaron, A. (1996). CFTI in Dubrovnik. Business & Commercial Aviation international, August 1996.Economic Council of Canada, (1999). Responsible Regulation. An interim Report, August 1999.World air news, (2004). Air transport news. February 2004.

Term Paper on Nestle Company

West university Subject: Submission of term paper on Nestle Company Dear Madam, The term paper at your hand is a report on Nestle Company. You assigned us to prepare this task as the part of this course requirement. While writing this term paper we have tried our best to follow your Instruction given in class. This term paper will fulfill the requirements of the course and help us to learn the practical experience of preparing a term paper.We sincerely hope that this term paper will et your expectations and it's explanation will demonstrate our ability to prepare a term paper. This term paper has been prepared by us tort the first time and also wealth a short time, for this reason there might be some errors. If you find any such errors In this term paper we apologize for that. We hope this term paper will be up to the level of your satisfaction and open to provide any clarification on this term paper.Sincerely yours Acknowledgement We are very thankful to Almighty Allah who gave us t he opportunity, courage and insight to explore more knowledge to complete this whole and for his blessings that have brightened in all parts of our lives and our parent's whose prayers always supported us in every task. It is a great opportunity for us to write on a subject like â€Å"Marketing Strategy Of Nestle Company. At the time of writing this term paper we had gone through many books n websites which helped us to easily get acquainted with this new topic. We were actually focusing on the topics which were easy tort us to understand the subject. Acknowledge with great gratitude to the senior lecturer Shaft Named our respective teacher, who has always been helpful In making us understand deferent systems of how to create this term paper. We thank our team partners for their participation towards writing this term paper. We also thank all the people who directly and indirectly helped to finish this term paper. Table Of Content I OFF Introduction Company Profile Marketing Mix Se gmentation Targeting Positioning Conclusion Page: O page: 03 Page: 04 page: 12 page: 17 age: 22 page: Nestle is undoubtedly one of the most proficient food company all over the world.The employees at Nestle have finagled to retain their standards to the most high- pitched level possible in the market. They make sure of the fact that the products of Nestle are definitely the BEST TO USE. Nestle has an assortment of products to offer and they all are the best of their types. For this project our main concern was to study the strategies followed by Nestle in regard to the marketing strategy. We got mom information from internet about the overall history and background of the company.We tried to cover all the main aspects of our course starting from some basic concepts to the complex ones. Now days for any company to progress in the market its marketing strategies are of supreme importance and that is the reason we opted for Nestle to try and recognize what exceptions they were doing to maintain their top position in the market. In Finding and Analysis we have described the marketing techniques observed at Nestle and then also did our analysis on these observed techniques.

Eight O’ Clock

Eight O’Clock What happens when the church bell tolls your final hour? Does your party dress turn to rags and your beautiful carriage revert back into a pumpkin? What do you do when your last sixty minutes are up? Many people pray to their God for salvation, and many others wish to go back and correct the wrongs in their lives. Many, though, await death’s embrace by cursing fate and dreading their moment of death, just as the man in A. E. Housman’s poem, â€Å"Eight O’Clock† does. The man in the poem is on death’s row and, rather than repenting and hoping for forgiveness from on high he laments his fate and angrily awaits his doom.It is apparent that the man awaits death because he is â€Å"strapped, noosed, [and] nighing his house. † To be strapped means that there is no way out, presumably from his situation, and he most certainly is for his situation is quite dire, and at this point he has no real chance of survival. To be noosed me ans one has a noose – a rope for hanging – tied around one’s neck so that he may be hanged which only adds to the fact that he’s certainly strapped. To nigh one’s hour means to near it, and the man must be nearing his final hour for he is certainly ready for his hanging and he continues to count down until his doom.Time is emphasized several times in the poem, showing just how close to death the man is. â€Å"[He] heard the steeple sprinkle the quarters on the morning town,† which is to say, he heard the bell toll each quarter of an hour as though it were raining down upon him just to mock him. The man counted them one-by-one until, on the final ring before he met his fate, â€Å"the clock collected in the tower its strength, and struck†. The clock’s strength refers most probably to how heavily it must ring. To the man, on that final quarter hour toll, it must have sounded as heavily as he had ever heard it.For, truly, it would be the last time he ever heard it. Rather than accepting his fate, the man sits and curses it instead. To accept what is happening to him would be to admit that what he did to deserve his fate was wrong, that he was truly guilty of sin. To feel that guilt, to repent for what he had done, would be to ask forgiveness, which in all rights is the smarter path to follow. Yet, for some reason, the man asks not for forgiveness, but for the wrath of God. The man does this because it is most likely he has committed no actual crime, his fate is not deserving of the punishment bestowed upon him.He has either been framed, or the punishment placed upon him much more severe than his transgression would merit, why else would he not ask forgiveness for what he had done? It is easy to curse one’s fate. It is easy to blame others for what has occurred. It is easier, still, to believe oneself innocent even when he is not. It is not easy, however, to stand and wait for death to arrive knowing t hat the path one chose should not have lead them there, that he should not be on his way out.

Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism - Assignment Example The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), or the Tamil Tigers are known to be the pioneers of suicide bombing, yet, they are seen as ‘liberators’ by local Tamils. Thus, the answer to whether the Tamil Tigers are terrorists or not is a complicated one that is dependent on subjective, biased analysis of power politics of Sri Lanka. 2) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center, the question of terrorism as a justifiable means to achieving liberation has been hotly debated within the United States of America. While many believe that terrorism, an act of harm, can never justify a quest for national freedom, there are also arguments that see terrorism as understandable under certain circumstances. The use of violence in Apartheid South Africa, in pre partition India and during the Iranian revolution, for example, has given voice to social, political and religious demands. Even so, the major drawback of acts of violence is that they affect everyone without dis crimination (Saul). A bomb blast in a shopping market may put pressure on the government, but the ones who are directly affected, injured or killed in the attack suffer regardless of their political alignment. The injustice of terrorism taints its legitimacy, and makes it an undesirable means to achieving a noble goal. 3) Faith-based natural law is justified by religious extremists in the modern world since they see their faith as the ‘one true way’ for eternal salvation (Wallis). All those believing in the truth are perceived as virtuous men while all ‘disbelievers’ are seen as worthy of violent punishment for disobeying the Divine Word. The problem with such an approach lies in the fact that there is not one religion that claims monopoly of the truth, but many religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Hinduism are part of a grand tug of war of what the true faith is (Aslan). As a result, innocent lives are put at stake by religious extremists who find legitimacy for their violent acts in religious scriptures. However, examples from history and modern day extremism give us evidence of how faith-based natural law is used to achieve political ends. Religious zealotry and fanaticism is used to power economically and politically motivated agendas. Faith-based natural law therefore does not serve to justify violent acts committed against innocent people. 4) Projected trends for the future of faith-based terrorism can be explained through the help of a five pronged model. First, there is a need to establish that in today’s world of sophisticated communication methods, the spread of extremist religious propaganda is inevitable. Not only is the World Wide Web an easy platform for religious groups to spread their thoughts and ideologies amongst everyone, television and print media also play a crucial role in popularizing support for such groups. Secondly, in the wake of the US war against Iraq, a CIA report for 2005 has rev ealed that a â€Å"new generation of Islamist Extremists† (Martin, 153) has been created, which poses serious threat to future world security. Thirdly, Al Qaeda has evolved into a symbolic representation, which continues to influence thoughts, along with, fourthly, the globalization of the Jihadi movement. Lastly, religious extremism is strongly present and growing within the Christian thought,

Effective Team and Performance Management Assignment

Effective Team and Performance Management - Assignment Example They must be able to suggest solutions to problems and take control of situations by being initiative. They must have the self-confidence to be willing and able to lead others and to set an example. A team leader should be able to take command of others and to push through ideas and policies to their conclusion will assertiveness and determination. With energy and enthusiasm they must set high standards of effort and involvement so that others are encouraged to act in a similar way (Stimpson, Borrington 2006). Some basic roles of managers include strategic planning like setting aims and targets beforehand for the future as they give a sense of direction and purpose to any team work. This will be common feeling among the team members of having something to work towards. It is a manager’s responsibility to organize people and resources effectively with the process of delegation, because a team leader cannot do everything on his own. Some tasks need to be delegated to subordinate s or team members. Delegation means giving a subordinate the authority to perform particular tasks. However, it is important to remember that it is the authority to perform a task which is being delegated and not the final responsibility. A manager can be very good or planning and organizing but may have failed to coordinate or bring people in the tem together just like what happened in the case study. This can be a real danger with the functional form of organization or structural problems as this leads to haphazard aims and not a shared vision. A good leader must therefore make sure that all team members are working together to achieve the plans originally set by the leader. Managers or team leaders must know the right way to command by guiding, leading and supervising people and not just telling them what to do. They must make sure that instructions and deadlines are being met on time. It is their responsibility that tasks are carried out by all team members effectively. Team lea der must also try to evaluate and measure the work of all individuals to make sure that they are on target. There is little point in planning and organizing when leaders fail to check that the original aims are being met. Disciplining staff is also part of their responsibility (David, R. 2005). So, if the team leader does not possess all these roles, then the teamwork is going to lack a sense of control and direction. There would be no coordination between team members which will lead to wastage of effort. Control of team members and organization of resources is vital for productive output and results otherwise; the team project will drift and eventually fail. Different styles of leadership call for different management styles. A good leader will adopt the style of leadership that suits his situation the best. Leadership styles are the different approaches of dealing with people when in a position of authority; autocratic, laissez-faire and democratic. Autocratic leadership is where the leader is expect to be in charge if the project and have his orders followed. They keep themselves separate from other members of the team; they make virtually all the decisions. They will only tell people what they need to know. Communication is the business is mainly one-way and other people have little or no opportunity to comment on anything.

Cultural and religious diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural and religious diversity - Essay Example Individual behavior refers to a pattern of behavior that is generally followed by a person and the way a person interacts with other people, while organizational behavior refers to the generally accepted behaviors at the workplace. Diversity becomes an issue at the work place if preconceived opinions affect the way qualified employees are recruited, if the organization loses its customers due to differences and if differences in value affect effective communication at the workplace (Mathews, 2006). Culture diversity means respecting the different norms and standards that are generally acceptable in the society. What cultural diversity means is that our different identities are valued and maintained. Culture is a distinctive set of emotions, intellectual, material and spiritual features of people in a society.Every society has it s basic standards that are allowed such a normal personal space while conversing, eye contact, body language and a negotiating style. For example in the American society, it is proper to converse with some with an eighteen inches distance and at the same time it is in order to have direct eye contacts with people when having a conversation with them. When Cultural diversity is managed well in the organization, it makes the organization stronger as people with diverse cultures bring in creative solutions to problems, new negotiating skills and new and better ways of thinking. Diversity makes people behave in different ways and sometimes when we interact with our peers, we may not understand why people behave in certain ways and this is because our cultures are different. Another instance is when we meet people for the first time, they may behave in a manner that is strange to us but in reality, they are just following their cultures.Ethninicity affects human behavior in so many ways because it is usually experienced at a very early stage in life. By the time a person goes through adulthood, he or she experienced so much of what their culture asks them to and eventually it affects their behavior (Gardenswartz and Rowe, 1998). Gender diversity It refers to the differences in our sexual orientations. It means that a person is either a man or a woman and the proportion of men against women in the society. Initially, women were discriminated against as they were assumed to take home responsibilities as compared to work. Today, organizations are slowly treating women as equals because they believe that women can work as well as men. Gender can also have a very impact on a person's behaviour.At a very early stage in life children already know what is expected of them. For example, girls are taught that it is boyish to play football while boys are taught it is wrong to play with the girls. Boys are taught that they should be playful and be loud while girls are taught that they should be polite. If gender issues are not well balanced at the workplace especially at the recruitment stage, it means that an organization will have a limited pool to select from its human resources and thus reducing its chances of employing the best emp loyees. Religious diversity Religious diversity refers to the different beliefs that people are associated with. People belong to many religious organizations such as Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism and Islam. Religion plays a big role in determining

Business Plan --Tea bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Plan --Tea bar - Essay Example The company has done extensive research into people’s non-alcoholic beverage tastes and preferences and wants to fulfill this market needs. The company is dedicating its efforts and resources towards establishing better and lasting relationships with its clients through exemplary services and products and general hospitality. The main goal for this company is to develop progressively and become profitably within its third year of service. BTC has created a rich menu that has best brands of different kinds of non-alcoholic beverages for its clients. For those clients who will want to have tea, the various available types include tea alongside some steamed milk and vanilla syrup. This tea and its service go for  £12. There is also tea which has cinnamon together with honey and steamed milk which will retail at  £13. There are different ranges of iced tea whose prices range from between  £11.2 and  £15. For coffee beverages, there are also diverse options that clients can pick from. They include; coffee and steamed milk only which goes for  £14, when the coffee is served with some chocolate and steamed milk, it will retail at  £14.3. There is the famous Colorado coffee brand which comprises of coffee itself, some cinnamon, steamed milk and praline. This brand is loved by many clients and goes for  £16. The rich menu has many other varieties which give customers a wide scope of choice. The wide menu has been created just to ensure that all customers are able to enjoy the value of their money. In addition to beverages, the company offers free wifi to all its clients in all its outlets. There is a friendly staff which is ready to listen and attend to its clients with professionalism and dedication. The name BTC is suggestive of trading companies that existed back in the 18th century. It gives the feel that we are bringing tea from abroad, an impression that we are a tea-trading company. This is true as we are providing global teas from across the ocean. The shield

State cooperation, challenges and theoretical perspectives from Essay

State cooperation, challenges and theoretical perspectives from realism and regime analysis - Essay Example While the theorists ascribed to the school of realism view conflict as a norm between interactions by countries, the proponents of international regime hold that cooperation is the defining factor to their school of thought. Those ascribed to the theory assumes that countries cooperate in various instances such as within trade, international security as well as within the scope of human rights among other issues (Hercl, 1994, p. 64-66). The existence of international trade necessitate that the participating states as players within the trade to be unified in some manner of cooperation (Litta, 2012, p. 45). Global trade blocks are good examples to these relations between the individual countries who constitute the players in international trade. Besides trade, some common interest lead to cooperation between countries, which are such as the international environmental conservation, practices as well as the international collaborations in security issues. It is therefore the instances of cooperation that by definition allude to regimes (Buzan, 1993, p. 328-330). Despite the theory being inclined more onto the liberal view, hybrid definitions brings out another aspect of the theory as realist approach puts into perspective the neoliberal aspect in understanding the regimes. According to Drezner (2009), â€Å"The primary goal of neoliberal institutionalism was to demonstrate that even in an anarchic world populated by states with unequal amounts of power, structured cooperation was still possible† (65). The international humanitarian organizations such as the UN and others, which are tasked with confirming the correct institutions of rights to human beings. Other regimes, well known across the globe, focus on the areas that the cooperating states would resolve. Another definition to regimes refers to them as partnered behavior, where they are explained by regularity of behaviors, common rules or norms as well as similar principles (Hasenclever, et al, 2000, p. 3). Nevertheless, existence in singular, of such aspects as regular behaviors does not always indicate the existence of a regime. The general definition fails to confine the understanding of regimes to wholly regularized rules or patterns of behavior between states. The convergence of individual actors expectations describe the implicit regimes with an example of a regime being the ‘oil regime’ of the period between 1945 to 1970 which composed of common activities of oligopolistic interdependent organizations which were bound together by national procedure as well as rules and had the intervention of the United States as a sovereign authority. Common regulations and rules dictated the cooperation of the countries involved while exploring, producing as well as marketing of the petroleum products, which formed the point of consensus in the regime. National regulatory frameworks as well as market structures illustrated terms and conditions of supply that defined this pa rticular regime (Haggard and Simmons, 1987, p. 491-495). Countries hesitant to assent to frameworks that govern other states within a regime would not form part of this regime. However, the

Health history interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health history interview - Essay Example The patient mentioned that he felt relief when he wears warm clothes and drinks warm water. The coughing was worst when he had to do heavy work or walk for a long distance. Kevin was disturbed by the fact that the drugs he had taken for the last one week had not caused substantial relief to his health. Kevin had a severe case of measles at the age of three. He was hospitalized for three days. He received an immunization for pneumonia six months before coming to hospital. Kevin had been diagnosed with HIV a year before and he has been on a daily dose of ARVs. The patient was in the hospital for a CD4 count on 3 Jan 2012. He was on a high vitamin diet to boot his immunity (Reeders, 2001). The mother suffered from varicose veins at the age of sixty-five. There is no history of diabetes, heart problems or tuberculosis. The skin of Kevin was moist, flexible and pink with some skin rashes near the elbow of the left arm. He bears a scar on the knee of the left leg from a fall he had when he was ten years old. The nails of the two toes on the right foot have clubbing. His hair is black and clean. It does not have scales or lice. The cornea is white and clear with no patches. The ears did not have any discharge or tenderness. The nose and sinuses do not have swellings or tenderness. The lips had cracks and there were small white wounds on the lower lip (Irwin, 2003). The lower and upper parts of the mouth were pink and it was not dry. The neck has tender lymph nodes and the lungs have fluid around them (Jamison, 2006). Kevin had a regular heart rate of 69/min. and his sexual health was normal. Kevin was full of confidence and had high expectations that the tuberculosis would be cured. He stopped his morning jog and has not done it for two weeks because he says that it worsens the cough. He sleeps more often because he is more tired than normal. He also said that he felt better after a good rest. He was

Project Part #2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Part #2 - Coursework Example The enthusiastic employees who are ready to get involve with the programme will be further motivated through explaining the positive outcome of the programme. Once they are motivated, they can make the other employees understand the benefits of the programme. As per the human psychology, employees are more relax and comfortable conversing with their colleagues in comparison to their supervisors or boss. Even before starting of this programme, I will allow the employees to have few informal sessions among them in my absence. Apart from this, I will conduct a session where a few real life success stories of this programme will be discussed along with the positive changes that might actually happen with them. I have a strong belief that this session will be fruitful and a positive response from the employees can be noticed in due course of time. Wellness programmes always have major impact on the employees. It not only enables the employees to increase their productivity but also it helps to make them happier and healthier. Even disease prevalence rate will also get lower. Through this programme, the extrinsic motivation will change into the intrinsic motivation and thus employee’s self perceived quality of life and quality of health will also experience change. Basically intrinsic motivation creates win-win situation for both the employees and the organisation and that can be possible through the activity that can provide intrinsic benefits to the employees. Wellness programme make the employees self motivated and they want to do the job by their own and not by force. It will lower the medical cost; employees can become stress free, gain physical fitness, increase stamina and improved mental health. All these factors enable the employees to lead a better work life. Also, these intrinsic benefits have an impact on th e productivity of the employees which will further lead to various rewards and incentives that can be clubbed under the category of extrinsic benefits

The Last Graduation (film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Last Graduation (film) - Essay Example To stall this eventuality in the life of a prisoner, education is the best answer. It helps his reformation and rehabilitation processes. The movie, â€Å"The Last Graduation,† directed by Barbara Zahm, makes the viewer ponder deeply about some serious issues confronting the prison administration. The 1971 uprising of the prisoners at Attica, hastened the reforms process in USA prisons, the results of which proved to be crucial in the future management of the prisons. The downward march of a prisoner in the path or criminality can be reversed to take him to the upward march and ultimately make him a worthy individual and a citizen who would contribute to the progress and prosperity of the nation. Barbara Zahm worked as an instructor in a prison college program in the early 1990s and her practical experience in the prison environment inspired her to get involved in the movie project. The graduation program in the prisons, progressed well until the 1995 National Crime Bill, gave a telling blow to the initiative and this set the right-thinking people to do something tangible to challenge the government. The movie explores the relevant issues from the introduction of higher education to the prison population to the last graduation from the Marist College program at New York’s Greenhaven Prison in 1995. The issues dealt with in the movie may not be to the liking of the general audience, which mainly seeks adventures and entertainment. Basically, prisoners do not evoke sympathy and understanding from the society; rather they are disliked, as people have a feeling that they get in the prison, what they deserve for their crimes. This is a lopsided view and indicates poor understanding about the root cause of the problem. By reforming an individual, you are reforming a generation! With the entry in to the four walls of the prison, the psychologically shaken prisoners get completely shattered and the hard core ones turn more vengeful and become stone-hearted. With

A basic science of public health Essay Example for Free

A basic science of public health Essay According to Friis, epidemiology has to do with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. It is considered a basic science of public health, because its studies are applied to the control of the various health problems in the population. Also, its methods are applied to various health-related fields such as health care administration and health education. Because its focus is on the amount of health and disease in the population, it is at times referred to as population medicine. There are various uses and applications of epidemiology. Some specific applications of epidemiology that Friis did not specifically mention in lesson 1are genetic epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, and occupational epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology puts an emphasis on hereditary factors that may play a role in various human diseases in families and in populations. Research in this area is focused on the risk factors and traits of the genetic basis of diseases. Members of a Psychiatry department in Virginia completed a meta-analysis on the genetic epidemiology of major depression using relevant data from previous primary studies. They concluded that major depression is as a result of genetic influence, not alone, but along with environmental influence. This conclusion was made on the basis of a review of family, adoption, and twin studies that met specific criteria for the primary studies. Environmental epidemiology studies the environmental exposures that are related to various diseases, illnesses, developmental conditions, disabilities, and deaths in populations. Some examples of these environmental exposures are air pollution, radiation through air, water, or food contamination, second-hand smoke, and hazardous waste. Health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems are some of the effects of these environmental exposures. A local example of this is the pollution from the refineries here in Corpus Christi. People who reside near the refineries have a 17% higher cancer rate than the rest of the city. There are apparently many consistently sick residents in the area. They are called the ‘Black Thumb’ neighborhood, because the soil in the area is poisoned and contaminated by the pollu tion from the refineries. The application of epidemiologic methods to populations of workers is occupational epidemiology. Studies on this topic involve various work-related patterns of disease and illness. They look at workers exposed to various risk factors such as heavy metals or chemicals and determine if these exposures result in adverse health outcomes. There is also a focus on biological and physical health effects as well. Occupational Epidemiologists attempt to study how often workers are injured on the job, what groups are most affected, and the reasons for these injuries. The results from these studies are used to find ways to prevent or reduce the risks of injuries and illnesses on the job. In conclusion, the various epidemiologic methods and studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations. Three specific applications of epidemiology are genetic epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, and occupational epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is concerned with the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations. Environmental epidemiology is concerned with the relationship between exposures from the environment and adverse health outcomes in populations. Occupational epidemiology studies work-related patterns of disease and illnesses. The existence of these various epidemiologic applications help to identify and prevent the causes of health and disease in our communities. Epidemiology provides us with necessary and beneficial information we need to live a healthy life. References Corpus Christi’s Refinery Row. (n.d.). Retreived from www.txpeer.org/toxictour/corpus_christi.html Friis, R. (2010). Epidemiology 101. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Sullivan, P.F. (2010) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-anyalysis. Am J Psychiatry. 157(10): 1552-62 Occupational Epidemiology. (n.d.). Heartland Center for Occupational Health Safety. Retrieved from www.public-health.uiowa.edu/heartland/academic-programs/occ-epi.html

Person Centred Mental Health Care for Schizophrenia

Person Centred Mental Health Care for Schizophrenia Person Centred Mental Health Care Disha Gupta References Essay: Ben is a 22 year old male who has been admitted to the acute in patient unit as a compulsory client under the Victorian Mental health Act (2014) who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Question When using recent research evidence please addresses the following; Identify the rationale and discuss strategies the mental health nurse will use to actively involve Ben and his carers when using the shared decision making process. (While in the acute mental health setting) AND Discuss strategies the mental health nurse, Ben and his carers can utilise to reduce his incidence of relapse in schizophrenia. Ben is a young adult suffering from schizophrenia that has been brought into an acute as an in-patient unit due to his psychotic behaviour. According to recent change in Victorian Mental Health Act a shared decision making process model which is being utilized within the practice in order for better outcomes. Shared decision making process is where two experts or a team of experts come together in making complex decisions for a patient (Chong WW, 2013). A set of health care providers come together and expand their knowledge and bring expertise in understanding the medical problem in order to provide a diagnosis. As well as the possible interventions and the possible risks of alternatives and potential benefits those are involved with the presented client. (REF). In this case we have Ben who has been â€Å"compulsory† admitted into an acute setting, which means this client is in need of serious treatment, which is why the shared decision making process has been put in place in order to achieve the right and hopefully an accurate treatment that works as it engages experts to be involved throughout the process. Not only a team of experts are involved in this process but, the individual is given the chance to put their values, understandings and preferences forward as well along with the support of family and other support network members (REF). This allows them to feel less inclined to thinking towards that they are being forced into something without their consent. As this gives them an opportunity to explore their wants and needs and together the individual and health care providers can come sometimes to a mutually agreed plan that is right for client. In order to plan and look after twenty two year Ben who is currently suffering from mental disorder we must first understand the problem followed by the treatment or action plan. Schizophrenia is an extremely complex disorder, it is occurred due to the imbalances of biochemical present in the brain which causes a person to believe in extraordinary and distorted thoughts, perceptions, emotions, movements and behaviour (REF). The symptoms of schizophrenia are categorized into two major categories, the positive or hard symptoms which include delusion, hallucinations, and grossly disorganized thinking, speech, and behaviour, and negative or soft symptoms as flat affect, lack of volition, and social withdrawal or discomfort (REF). This way it is easier for the health care providers to take further steps for a clients treatment as they have categories which clients fit into. In order for treatment or a plan to commence the nurse should start the process with a Two way exchange of information which allows the nurse (Clinician) to discuss the suitable treatment options and also any potential risks and benefits which may arise from these options and at the same time it will provide an opportunity to Ben to discuss his values and preferences regarding the treatment plan (REF). The two way communication will help to create a bond between the nurse and Ben which will help the nurse to know more about what Ben wants and this can help the nurse to reassure Ben in times of uncertainty, anxiety or vulnerability (REF). There is a strong need to develop an action plan for the treatment option to be executed and measured. An action plan is a document which is will be designed together by Ben and the mental health nurse and this plan should cover the issues being faced by Ben, the interventions which will be put in place and a review system to check the success of the action plan (REF).The plan should provide information about the Bens history, routines or symptoms that may assist in the treatment. Along documentations and communication there are other treatments also available such as medication. Antipsychotic medication treatment, Medication is one of the core foundations of treatment. Once the acute stage of a psychotic episode has passed, most people with schizophrenia will need to take medicine until further notice or until improved conditions where patients are not relied upon these mediations (REF). Antipsychotic medication is used to control the acute symptoms being experienced by the patient. These falls into two groups: typical and atypical antipsychotics (REF). Typical antipsychotics target the more obvious symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. They work by reducing the disturbing quality of the symptoms and accompanying disruptive behaviour occurred due to imbalances in the brain (REF). In this plan a nurse needs to understand which antipsychotic medications need to be given and what their actions and adverse side effects are. The nurse should never forget to follow the eight rights of drug administration (REF). This step is vital for a mental health nurse because the way each medication is administered will differ between patients. Antipsychotic drugs, like almost all medications, have unwanted effects along with their advantageous effects. During the early phases of drug treatment, patients may be troubled by side effects such as drowsiness, restlessness, not able to keep the body still, muscle spasms, tremor, shaking, dry mouth, or blurring of vision (REF). Most of these can be corrected by lowering the dosage or can be controlled by other medications. Different patients have different treatment responses and side effects to various antipsychotic drugs. As mentioned before a patient may do better with one drug than another. Since Ben is in an acute phase of a schizophrenic episode first and foremost role of a nurse is to perform a mental health assessment or examination. A mental health nurse needs to perform and present symptoms and the level of risk that may cause to the patient and other people around (REF). In order to understand a person’s mental health situation, there are guidelines an clinician or a mental health care provider needs to follow. One of many assessment tools includes â€Å"PAMSGOTJIMI†, abbreviation of: Perception, Affect, Mood, Speech, General Behaviour, Orientation, Thought, Judgment, Insight, Memory, and Intelligence. Or even â€Å"ABCT†, abbreviated for Appearance, Behaviour, Cognition and Thought process (REF). Are great for mental health assessment of a client which needs to undergo a treatment plan, by following these guidelines a nurse can understand and develop a better understanding of a client’s current situation in order to create the right p lan. A compliant cycle of antipsychotic medications plays an important part in the treatment of schizophrenia and at the same time non-compliance with the medications can result in relapse. This is why along side of Antipsychotic medications is the need for social interventions, including education and support for patients and carers, so that cares and individuals are on the same pages of understanding one another better. Social skills training and the care provided by day hospitals and centres such as community based voluntary and involuntary services etc (REF). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help patients gain a degree of control over their symptoms as this helps them by understanding the links between their thought processes and subsequent behaviour. Which then helps them to move on and look at ways of changing and managing their thoughts and behaviours (REF). Family interventions largely help in reducing levels of stress and in the management of contributing factors to patient relapse (REF). As we know our families are the closest people we have got in our lives, which in return gives the individuals a sense of security and makes them feel secure by having family help them through tough time gives them the hope and strength to improve their wellbeing. Giving carers information about schizophrenia is helpful in its management. Support and information needs to be ongoing, both in everyday situations and also at times of crisis (REF). As mentioned before, carers and families have always played an important role in the management of people with very serious mental disorders. With the increasing focus on maintaining patients in the community as well as in acute settings, these roles are assuming to achieve high importance. This means that Ben’s carers’ needs and concerns require are most likely to be on a higher level of attention. In order to achieve and target the correct procedure, there are a few simple actions that can be taken for instance, a need for further and ongoing education on schizophrenia for Ben and its management and interventions as a carer or family needs to be informed about in order to look out for in various situations (REF). Regular contact with clinical teams that offers both support and advice about the patient and is responsive to carers concerns (REF). Also a faculty or services of support for carers, as they can possibly go through their own feelings such as emotional burden because they feel that its an extra responsibility to look after a mentally challenged person. Guilt and frustration is also another where the carer or family feels that nothing is working and may feel like giving up. Such services can be provided through support groups or individually. Also there is a need for a service that works in partnership with the carers and patients both, and through this way, it will be optimising the patients care and allowing patients to continue living in the community (REF). Anyone undergoing an illness is not one of the greatest feelings to be going through, which is why it is very important to understand the cause, and the reasoning behind the problem. Followed by an thorough assessment by the right health care providers. As well as having solid treatment plan with goals those need to be achieved by the end of it all. Ben is young and by having support around him, from family and friends and services provided by hospitals or community facilities is the right way to improve his mental wellbeing. With the right techniques and action plans clients like Ben can rapidly improve their mental and physical wellbeing, and as a nurse, it’s very important to understand the basic needs and requirements of each client and the correct form of assessment is highly necessary in order to keep a record of each patients history of improvements and development.

Criminology Theories Strengths And Weaknesses

Criminology Theories Strengths And Weaknesses The classical school of criminology was developed in the eighteenth century, where classical thinking emerged in response to the cruel forms of punishment that dominated at the time. It is considered that writers such as Montesquieu and Voltaire encouraged perhaps the emergence of this new classical thinking, by becoming involved in campaigns for more enlightened approaches to be taken towards crime and the punishment given by the justice systems at the time. Also the development of society craved new forms of legal regulation due to the fact that there needed to be predictability in the system, as technology and properties in particular needed legal protection and workers needed to be disciplined in a consistent way. There were two main contributors to this theory of criminology and they were Jeremy Bentham and Cesare de Beccaria. They are seen as the most important enlightenment thinkers in the area of classical thinking and are considered the founding fathers of the classical school of criminology. They both sought to reduce the harshness of eighteenth century judicial systems, even though coming from different philosophical stances. Benthams contribution to classical theory is based on the fact that he was a utilitarian, interested in the happiness and well being of the population and therefore believing that punishment, in the form of the infliction of pain, should always be justified in terms of a greater good. At the heart of Benthams writing was the idea that human behaviour is directed at maximising pleasure and minimising pain, (the pleasure-pain principle). Bentham believed that crime was committed on the outset, by individuals who seek to gain excitement, money, sex or anything of value to the individual. Beccaria (1764/1963: 93) stated that; It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is at the heart of the classical school of criminology. Beccaria believed that laws needed to be put into place in order to make punishments consistent and in line with the crime. He believed that crime prevention in its effectiveness is down to three main ideas, these being the certainty of the crime and how likely it is to happened, the celerity of the crime and how quickly the punishment is inflicted and also the severity of the crime, and how much pain is inflicted. Beccaria thought that the severity of the penalties given should be proportionate to the crime committed and no more than what is necessary in order to deter the offender and others from committing further crimes. Classical thinking says that criminals make a rational choice, and choose to do criminal acts due to maximum pleasure and minimum pain. The classical school says criminals are rational, they weigh up the costs and therefore we should create deterrents which slightly outweigh what would be gained from the crime. This is the reason behind the death penalty being viewed by classical thinkers such as Beccaria and Bentham as pointless, because there would be no deterrent. However when considering manslaughter, as Bentham also believes, if the severity of the punishment should slightly outweigh the crime then surely capital punishment should be used, there doesnt seem to be any stronger a deterrent to other criminals thinking of undertaking the same criminal behaviour, than seeing another eradicated due to their actions. Classical thinking has had a significant impact on criminological thinking in general and perhaps a greater impact on criminal justice practise. In Europe and America the idea of punishments being appropriate to the nature of the crime has become a foundation for modern criminal justice systems. Since the introduction of the classical school of criminology and classical thinking, the use of capital punishment, torture and corporal punishment has declined. Neither Beccaria nor Bentham believed in the death penalty, apart from, Bentham argued, in the case of murder. The second half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also saw the establishment and growth of the prison, as a major system of punishment, the idea and concept of prison was to take punishment away from the body and instead punish the mind and soul, and these are the keys to changing a persons outlook and views of their criminal behaviours. Many elements of classical ideas are very useful in modern society and these show the strengths that the theory does have. Deterrence continues to underlie all judicial systems and indeed underpinned the principles of the first commissioners of Sir Robert Peel, in the creation of the Metropolitan police. Prisons are also used as major deterrents and also to try and reduce rates of crime. However a great weakness of the classical school of criminology is, the idea stemming from classical thinking that all criminals are rational is not generalisable to the whole population nor is it entirely valid, due to the fact that there may be biological factors stopping an individual from being able to think and behave rationally. Therefore it may not be the particular choice of the individual as they may have been born that way; they may not have the ability to make a rational decision due to a mental illness such as schizophrenia. They may be disorientated or even drugged which affects the brain functioning and therefore any behaviours, resulting in an individual becoming irrational. Also, if people act due to principles of rationality and free will then why is it that the poor are predominating in the criminal justice system, classical thought doesnt include factors of necessity in order to survive. As Jeffrey Reiman (1979) said; the rich get richer and the poor get prison White and Haines (2004) said that the classical school of criminology has 3 main challenges to it. Firstly; how to make such ideas serve the interests of justice and equality when faced with a particular defendant in court. (Not all criminals appear to be acting rationally and of free will) Secondly; that for criminal justice bureaucracies such as the police, growing efficiency may not always be compatible with an emphasis on equal justice, as their gain is to decrease crime rates. Thirdly a power issue, the rationalisation of the legal system potentially means some reduction in their power, which may backfire in terms of being a deterrent. In late 19th century the classical school came under criticism by a form of scientific criminology which emerged due to Darwins great works being published between 1850 and 1870, this therefore had a profound effect on scientific thought and individuals views of human behaviour. Classicism defines the main object of study as the offence. The nature of the offender was defined as being free-willed, rational, calculating and normal. The classical thinking response to the crime was to give punishment that is proportionate to the offence. The Positivist school of criminology however opposes this classical school of thinking, positivism states that the object of study is the offender, and that the nature of the offender is driven by biological, psychological and pathological influences. Their response to the crime is that of giving a treatment of an indeterminate length, depending on individual circumstances. Unlike classicism, positivism views criminal behaviour as irrational and perhaps due to a problem (biological, physical or psychological) that an individual has, therefore they are partially relieved of the crime they committed. Cesare Lombroso is related to much positivist thinking, as a psychiatrist he looked at criminals as being throwbacks to a more primitive stage of human development, he compared physical features of criminals and related them to more primitive stages of mankind and formed a prediction based on measurements of skulls and main physical features, of how certain criminals look. Lombrosos thinking clashed with that of classical thinking, saying that criminals were born not made, and they are not rational as they reproduce thoughts similar to that of inferior humanity. The differences between the thinking behind both the classical school of criminology and the positivist school of criminology highlight the strengths and weaknesses that are associated with both. The classical school has much less biological fact and figures backing up its views, however it has proven successful in reducing crime rates and in providing a deterrent and a way in which to successfully contain individuals who rebel against the system. Unlike positivism which doesnt have any form of punishment, just a form of treatment, the classical school shows criminals that they cannot behave in certain ways in order to maximise their pleasure and minimise pain if it involves breaking the law, it does this successfully because the punishment that is given is more than that of the pleasure that they would receive. Therefore as rational thinkers, individuals contemplating criminal behaviours would not do so due to the laws set in place to deter the behaviour. However the main weakness of the classical school of criminological thinking is that it considers all criminals to be rational and make decisions by free will, but not all individuals are rational and not all their behaviours are free, as if an individual had a mental illness or a physical defect, this may totally change the way in which they act and think. The social construction of crime has changed over time; feudal and religious influences have changed, and affected the criminological theory used. When the Classical school developed it was in a time of major reform in penology, there were many legal reforms at the time due to the French revolution and the legal system was developed in the united states, which would have had an effect on the united kingdom making an increased effort to set laws on crime in stone. As modernity has progressed so has the development of the judicial systems, if positivism was used as the main criminological thinking then these systems wouldnt exist because positivism uses treatments to the criminal in order to solve crime. This could be why the classical school of criminology has been so influential and still is, because it protects various organisations set out to remove crime and it also provides a good theoretical basis on which more recent theories have been developed.

Essays --

Human beings have to made decisions right from childhood stage but the complexity of the decisions to be made or the circumstances preceding a decision vary from simple personal decisions to being in a group making corporate decisions. Individual Decision Making involves arriving at the decision at a personal level without involving external persons or making the decision regardless of an external or group's view point. This is the common method of making decisions and it has been observed to be effective when input from external parties is not necessary or in circumstances when a person might find themselves in need of immediate decision in order to tackle a particular situation. For example a person who is driving a car needs to make decisions about what action to take as he drives along the road with regards to following the driving laws and how to respond to actions by other road users. In this situation, an individual utilizes the intuitive decision making process (Cottrell, 2 009) which is based on the experience that he has gone through. According to Buchanan and Huczynski (2013), an individual’s quality of decisions can be influenced by how they perceive the surrounding circumstances in a given situation. This process falls in the â€Å"rational decision-making model† whereby an individual rationalizes and makes a decision based on the rational circumstances. For example a manager might be required to make a decision on whether to punish or pardon an employee who has made an error but his decision is based on the circumstances surrounding the event. If two managers were to independently evaluate the situation, one person might decide to punish while another might decide to pardon because it will depend on the personal interpre... ...decisions than can be arrived at and their consequences. An example of how this decision making process can be used is when a jury is unable to make a common decision mostly due to group polarization, one of the jurors can play the devil’s advocate by presenting an argument from the ‘other’ perspective opposite to what he rest of the group are focusing on in order to help them to make a decision. According to Berniker and McNabb (2006) the dialectical inquiry method can also be used by a group to help them make a decision. In this methodology, two alternatives are presented to the group for evaluation and they are discussed and then the group evaluates the two options and chooses whether to pick one of the options or to combine the two and use that as the final solution to the debate. This decision making process closely mirrors the devil’s advocacy method.

Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w... Alexander Calder Essay -- essays research papers Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century. In 1926, Calder arrived in Paris and devoted himself to a project called the Circus that occupied him for over five years. This contains characters and animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber. Calder transported his little theater in suitcases and performed it for his friends. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: â€Å"These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexander Calder, An Autobiography with Pictures [New York: Pantheon, 1966], p.92) The Circus is the laboratory of Calder’s work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. "By 1930," sculptor historian Wayne Craven has writte n, Calder's "Circus had become one of the real successes of the art world of Montparnasse, as well as among the Paris intellectuals. Jean Cocteau, Fernand Leger, Joan Miro, Piet Mondrian, Jean Arp... and others were captivated by it, whereas none of them paid much attention to Calder's wood carvings. Such encouragement undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures." During this same period he developed wire figures such as Josephine Baker, The Negress, and the Portrait of Edgar Varese, w...

Enviromental Change – Transboundary Pollution

Chapter 10 – Transboundary pollution page 120 Aim of this lesson To be able to describe one major pollution event affecting more than one country and examine the consequences of and responses to this event. View together ‘’It happened in Chernobyl’ Part 1 and Part 2 – discuss http://www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=b11aWXkehtY http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=BwMdh2SZ5-k&feature=player_embedded Using – * Consequences in more than one country http://www. grida. o/graphicslib/detail/the-continental-scale-of-the-chernobyl-accident_12e3 * The Torch report http://www. chernobylreport. org/? p=summary * THE GUARDIAN – Affects of Chernobyl explained http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2009/may/12/effects-chernobyl-uk-farmers 1. Annotate an outline map of Europe (enlarged to A3 size) with the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster. Try and include impacts in at least 4 different countries and for a range of time sca les. 1. Complete the table with as much detail as you can –Responses to the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster at a range of scales| Short-Term| Long-Term| National [within Russia / Ukraine]| * People must be evacuated from area * Many â€Å"instant† deaths from radiation poisoning * Later deaths from radiation poisoning * Deadly radiation poisoning from nuclear fallout/radioactive cloud spreading * Widespread panic and fear| * Radioactive land becomes uninhabitable for many years * Birth defects in the generation after the incident due to lingering radiation poisoning in gametes * Distrust of nuclear power as a renewable energy source * Radiation poisoning causes health problems in the future| International| * Deadly radiation poisoning from nuclear fallout/radioactive cloud spreading * Widespread panic and fear| *    Birth defects in the generation after the incident due to lingering radiation poisoning in Enviromental Change – Transboundary Pollution Chapter 10 – Transboundary pollution page 120 Aim of this lesson To be able to describe one major pollution event affecting more than one country and examine the consequences of and responses to this event. View together ‘’It happened in Chernobyl’ Part 1 and Part 2 – discuss http://www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=b11aWXkehtY http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=BwMdh2SZ5-k&feature=player_embedded Using – * Consequences in more than one country http://www. grida. o/graphicslib/detail/the-continental-scale-of-the-chernobyl-accident_12e3 * The Torch report http://www. chernobylreport. org/? p=summary * THE GUARDIAN – Affects of Chernobyl explained http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2009/may/12/effects-chernobyl-uk-farmers 1. Annotate an outline map of Europe (enlarged to A3 size) with the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster. Try and include impacts in at least 4 different countries and for a range of time sca les. 1. Complete the table with as much detail as you can –Responses to the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster at a range of scales| Short-Term| Long-Term| National [within Russia / Ukraine]| * People must be evacuated from area * Many â€Å"instant† deaths from radiation poisoning * Later deaths from radiation poisoning * Deadly radiation poisoning from nuclear fallout/radioactive cloud spreading * Widespread panic and fear| * Radioactive land becomes uninhabitable for many years * Birth defects in the generation after the incident due to lingering radiation poisoning in gametes * Distrust of nuclear power as a renewable energy source * Radiation poisoning causes health problems in the future| International| * Deadly radiation poisoning from nuclear fallout/radioactive cloud spreading * Widespread panic and fear| *    Birth defects in the generation after the incident due to lingering radiation poisoning in

Corporate Communication Strategies Essay

Introduction In this report, corporate communication strategies in companies are discussed. The essentiality of corporate communication strategy and its  link with the corporate objectives is discussed in this report. The report aims to know what impact that a corporate communication strategies, either an internal communication strategy or an external communication strategy can create on the business success as well as on the internal and external stakeholders of the company like employees, customers, suppliers, government and so on. The need for corporate communication audit and monitoring of corporate communication strategies are also another highlights of this report Task 1 1.1Purpose of Corporate Communication Strategies Corporate business Communication strategy gears up its relevance in the contemporary business scenarios. This is a prominent ingredient in an effectual business strategy that helps the company to lead its path to ultimate success. Business communication seems to be complete with an effective corporate communication strategy which forms a base for a transparent communication among different people within a company as well as outside the business organisation. Public relations, advertising, marketing etc form a part of corporate communications, some other tools of corporate communication. Looking at the internal perspective, operational employee, team managers etc can increase their work efficiency through improved corporate communication among them. In the external perspective, through corporate communication, company can build good relationship with suppliers, customers/clients, shareholders, funding organisations, local communities, the media, etc and ensure smooth business operations. This is considered as a key ingredient of a business function that enables the coordination of work done by all individuals in each department. A proper synchronization of both external and internal communication is essential to ensure more business success. This leads to increased support of each stakeholder to the company. 1.2Assessment of how corporate communication is linked to corporate objectives within organizations Corporate communication plays a significant role in attaining the corporate  objectives. Customer satisfaction is a vital corporate objective, wherein communicating the product features and specifications is enabled through an effective corporate communication. How far the customers get attracted to the company’s product is linked with how extensively and effectively corporate communication techniques like advertising, marketing etc indulge in customer minds. Corporate communication strategies ensure the achievement of corporate objectives as when target customers get a clear picture about the product through various corporate communication strategies they get more attracted to the product. This will increase the sales volume, profitability, market share, brand image etc of the company. Thereby, corporate communication has a good linkage with the corporate objectives and its achievement. 1.3Analysis of relationships between Corporate Communication and Corporate Branding Corporate branding is build with the strong foundation of corporate communication. A proper sync of corporate branding and corporate communication helps a company to meet its ultimate business goals smoothly. A company aims to formulate most effective communication strategy for a better brand image. Branding distinguish the company product from another similar product. It is an identity of a product. Effective corporate communication reaches the customers in a successful manner and thereby they will be able to make out the unique and distinct features of the product. Corporate communication strategies improve the brand image of a product and thereby the product sustain in the minds of customers, who start treating the product as a premium brand. A better customer relationship is promised through branding and effective corporate communication. By communicating all the product details to the customers, brand awareness in the minds of the customers will be enhanced, leading to more brand loyalty. Thereby, customer retention is enabled using the most appropriate corporate communication and branding strategies (Kim, S, 2011). Task 2 2.1 Demonstration of how you would plan an internal corporate communication audit Any corporate communication strategy would not serve the purpose of business effectiveness. Hence, a company conducts corporate communication audits both internally and externally to evaluate the efficiency of a corporate communication strategy. This evaluation can be made by exploring the delicate areas of communication strategy and thereby forming a major part of corporate communication audit. A detailed communication audit demands for a considerable amount of fund utilization or expenses related to invoices and bills on stationary, travelling and so on. The financial budget for a communication audit needs to be planned well before its conduct and approved by the concerned authorized personnel. A transparent communication between the auditor and the company representatives is ideal for a smooth flow of auditing process. Various assessment techniques like interview, observation, content analysis etc are practiced by the auditor during the audit. The time limit for the entire audit process is pre determined so as to ensure successful completion considering every aspects in the auditing (Cornelissen 2014) 2.2 Explain how you would conduct an internal corporate communications audit The internal communication audit aims to identify and evaluate the methods in the internal communication process. As a first step, the senior management personnel and other staffs of a company are interviewed to know more about the thought pattern of each employee regarding the prevailing communication strategy. Surveys in the form of questionnaire are another typical method of communication audit to evaluate the varying responses on communication process within the organization. As a result of this, quantitative data on the same can be drawn. Qualitative data is achieved through group meetings with the concerned individuals in the company. This helps the auditor to know impact of communication process in the actual business executions 2.3 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of current levels of practice in your organization Evaluating the current communication strategy in the company fosters more business communication effectiveness. Considering the company, Coca Cola, a US based multinational company corporate communication strategies are very relevant for the company. This is due to the fact that the company has several branches across the world, where business communication is a challenging aspect. Also, increased customer base, supply chain management etc is some other challenging elements that demand for an effective corporate communication strategies in Coca Cola. Transparency and clarity in communication to both internal and external stakeholders of the company strengthen the bonding of the stakeholders within Coca Cola. This ensures more reliable and loyal stakeholders including its employees, customers, suppliers, dealers and so on. This imparts effectual business operations by the company with the complete support from all its stakeholders. The successful business communication networks between different branches of the company all over the world, the effective supply chain management, increased customer base, loyal employees etc form evidence of existing communication practices in a company and its effectiveness (Doorley & Garcia 2011). Task 3 3.1 Demonstrate how you would plan an external corporate communications audit Planning an external audit is another crucial aspect for a company. Hence, expert handling of communication audit is recommended. The company decides whether to hire an expert auditor or to entrust this duty to the concerned PR staff inside the organization. The time allotted for each step in the external audit process is planned in advance so that there will be no delays or issues in between. Also, the company plans the sources to collect the data proving the effectiveness of the current external communication, is determined well in advance. This may include people or corporate to approach, interviewing its external stakeholders and so on (Parguel et al. 2011). 3.2 Demonstrate how you would conduct an external corporate communications  audit Conducting an external communication audit involves several steps, starting with the identification of the key elements in the company, like its logo, symbols, letterhead, business cards etc. External communication audit is done by either one to one interview with the concerned people, customer survey, telephonic talks, discussions etc. The ideal research method for each external audit depends and may vary from one to another. The past communication audit need a thorough evaluation so as to ascertain the loopholes or untouched arenas in the previous external communication audits. Welcoming feedbacks, suggestions from customers, employees, suppliers etc form another integral part of external communication audit, to know the current status of external communication(Kaplan, R. S., & Norton 2001). 3.3 Critically evaluate the effectiveness of current levels of practice There exists an inevitable need for the evaluation of existing external communication process in the company so as to ensure business growth. External environment of this multinational giant in no doubt, is a critical element, where medias, political ups and downs, changing economic trends etc demand for apt external communication strategies. Hence, to know the effectiveness of such existing external communication methods requires a need to look in to its each and every aspect. It is essential to know whether the stakeholders are communicated well and are in sync with the business dealings, resource allocation and mobilization is proper or not etc. In a successful company, external communication process outstands with the expert touch where all the stakeholders are coordinated and communicated effectively. There sees a widening of their business horizons in the light and support of ace external communication methods adopted by the company. Reliable and transparent communication approach is a trademark of a successful company, that leads its business to new heights (Kim 2011). Task 4 4.1 Explain how you would plan the objectives of a corporate communication  strategy Planning of corporate communication strategy is the prior step to the formulation of this strategy. Corporate communication strategy, at its planning stage, determines how to achieve the corporate goals of the company. The clarity and relevance is sought in the objectives planned in order to make the communication strategy more applicable and effective. Monitoring the objectives effectiveness after the planning stage can lead to more improvisation on the same, wherever needed. It is essential to include all the mandate objectives and goals of the company to ensure there is a smooth execution corporate communication, both internally and externally (Coombs, W. T., & Holladay 2011) 4.2 Select the audiences to influence with a corporate communications strategy Customers or audience of a company forms a crucial part of the company, impacting its sales volume and profitability. Audience influence is hence associated in each aspect of its communication strategy. When the product is properly communicated to the target customers, the message will become clear to the customers and thereby more customers are attracted to the product. This can increase the sales of the products of the company. Hence, it is essential for the firm to formulate the ideal and most efficient communication strategies that will have an impact on the customers in a higher degree. More clarity and reliability are sought by customers through communication strategies and this need to be incorporated in the corporate communication strategies for better audience base(Keller et al. 2011). 4.3 Plan appropriate measures to monitor a planned corporate communications strategy Monitoring the effectiveness of a corporate strategy is an integral part in the company as this will help to identify the pitfalls and the necessary corrective steps can be taken on an immediate basis without any delays. This will also helps to improve communication with internal and external stakeholders. One of such measuring element is to create SMART (Specific,  measurable, attributable, realistic, time bound) objectives. Also, needs to look at both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of corporate communication strategies. The outcome of the strategy needs to be evaluated so as to identify the rectifications (Karaosmanoglu & Melewar 2006). Task 5 Reflective Learning Statement From this report, it can be understood that corporate communication strategies forms a prominent part of any organization. There is a vital need to ensure these are framed considering every aspects of communication related to both internal stakeholders as well as external stakeholders. The effectiveness of corporate communication strategies is ensured by conducting corporate communication internal and external audit. This involves a series of steps wherein all the stakeholders both inside and outside the company are surveyed to identify the impact of the prevailing communication on them. This helps the company to know where it lags behind and what all improvements it needs to take in the future to ensure a more effective corporate communication strategy. Corporate communication strategy is also related to corporate objectives as the attainment of business goals and selling of products, influence of the target audience etc are based on the effectiveness of corporate communication stra tegies(Roth 2014). Conclusion To sum up, it is noted that corporate communication strategies are the foundation of business growth and success. When there is an effective communication by the company towards its internal and external stakeholder, it will bring more trust factor on the stakeholders and who in turn support all the business activities. Suppose, If there is a transparent and timely communication of product details to the customers through the communication tools like advertisement, marketing techniques etc, it will increase the brand image as well as brand loyalty by the customers. In this report, the relevance of corporate communication strategy of a company is discussed.  Corporate communication strategies have a great link with the ultimate business goals. Corporate branding and communication are linked together. When the brand is communicated effectively to the customers, it will lead to more business success. To know the effectiveness of corporate communication strategies, internal and external corporate audit is conducted. There is a need to monitor a planned corporate strategy to make necessary improvements on the same (Becker-Olsen et al. 2011). References Becker-Olsen, K.L. et al., 2011. A Cross-Cultural Examination of Corporate Social Responsibility Marketing Communications in Mexico and the United States: Strategies for Global Brands. Journal of International Marketing, 19(2), pp.30–44. Available at: http://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jimk.19.2.30 [Accessed February 3, 2015]. Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S.J., 2011. The handbook of crisis communication (Vol. 22). J. W. & Sons., ed., Cornelissen, 2014. Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice, sage. Doorley, J. & Garcia, H.F., 2011. Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication, Routledge. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TWqUAgAAQBAJ&pgis=1 [Accessed February 3, 2015]. Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D.P., 2001. business environment. Harvard Business Press. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Joseph/Downloads/02bfe50d1e9e9e6bfb000000.pdf [Accessed February 1, 2015]. Karaosmanoglu, E. & Melewar, T.C., 2 006. Corporate communications, identity and image: A research agenda. Journal of Brand Management, 14(1/2), pp.196–206. Available at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/bm/journal/v14/n1/abs/2550060a.html [Accessed February 3, 2015]. Keller, K.L., Parameswaran, M.G. & Jacob, I., 2011. Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, Pearson. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cofhZbwwFuYC&pgis=1 [Accessed February 3, 2015]. Kim, S., 2011. Taylor & Francis Online. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1062726X.2011.555647#.VNBrz2iUdMA [Accessed February 3, 2015]. Parguel, B., Benoà ®t-Moreau, F. & Larceneux, F., 2011. How Sustainability Ratings Might Deter â€Å"Greenwashing†: A Closer Look

Human Arrangements Essay

The increase of poverty in the recent years is one of the major problems which the United States has to face. As the survey shows, the highest poverty rates in the United States were witnessed during the years of recession, for example 1960, 1975, 1983 and others. However, the poverty rates increased dramatically through 2001-2003. In 2002, the number of people in poverty reached 34. 4 million, which is 12. 1% of the population. The poverty rate was at its lowest level between 1970-1980 years, but since that time it never decreased until that level. In the last years, it was the lowest in 2000 (at the level of 11%) but since that time it kept increasing annually. In 2003, poverty rate reached 12. 5% which is 0. 4% higher than in 2002. The dynamics of poverty in the United States also shows that the most vulnerable members of the society are people under the age of 18 (17% of them are in poverty). Citizens aged 18-64 have had the lowest poverty rates up to 2002, when the level of poverty rates of seniors (aged 65 and older) reached their level. According to the regional characteristic, states in which poverty rates increased the most included Florida, Illinois, Utah, South Carolina and others. It is also necessary to analyze the dynamics of poverty rates among different races. According to the survey, poverty rates increased greatly among all of the races present in the United States. At the same time, the income level of White, Asian and Black households remained unchanged while the income of Hispanic households experienced some decrease. Among these groups, Black households have the lowest level of income and thus have the highest poverty rates among the groups in the society. In 2003, the median income of Black families reached only $30,000 which was only 62% of the $48,000 income of White households (non-Hispanic origin). The group with the highest income level, and thus the smallest number of people below the poverty line was Asians. Their average income reached $55,000 in 2003. It is possible to conclude that among all of the groups, Blacks are experiencing the most problems with obtaining income. Asian households receive almost the double income of what Black households receive. Due to the fact that poverty rates are increasing with years, it means that Black citizens are going to become more and more vulnerable in the society. In 2003, 24. 4% of Black people were below the poverty line, and the percentage has increasing by 2005. For comparison, only 11% of Asian people were below the poverty line in 2003. There are many reasons why the poverty rate among Blacks has changed the most during the recent years. First, due to discrimination, many Black people are still unable to get high-paying jobs which people of other origins get easily. The experience of New Orleans shows that despite the hopes of African Americans hat discrimination would be reduces with time, this process is very slow. Most of the people affected by hurricane in New Orleans lost their houses and jobs, and it will be very difficult for them to achieve their previous level of income in the following years. Unfortunately, the government did not take any measures to assist the people whose houses were devastated by the hurricane. Situation with New Orleans is only one of the examples of how discrimination occurs in the United States and Black population is unable to reach the same income level as other races. Another reason of high poverty rate among Blacks is their inability to enter prestigious establishments of higher learning. Due to the low income level of their families in comparison with other races, they are often unable to obtain good education which would lead them to high-paying jobs. At the same time, it is necessary to mark that due to the introduction of Civil Rights legislation, the poverty level of Blacks in the recent years is much lower than it was before the adoption of legislation. Even though the poverty rate has been increasing during the last years, the average rate is much lower than it was in the 50s. Despite the fact that Blacks are still experiencing some sort of discrimination, it is much less noticeable as it was before the adoption of Civil Rights legislation. Owing to the legislation, they finally got an opportunity to have the same rights as white people and thus the overall poverty level among Blacks declined dramatically in comparison with previous decades. Bibliography. 1. Poverty in the United States- 2002. Issued September 2003. Available at URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/popula.html 2. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States 2003. Issued August 2004. Available at URL: http://www. census. gov/prod/www/abs/income. html.

Graduate School

I have had many dreams about my future and where I would go in life. In all my dreams I do in fact attend graduate school. This is so because I would like to attain a job that requires more than just a four year degree, so that I may receive a high paying salary. The benefits from an advanced degree are numerous. I would like to obtain an advanced degree because unlike undergraduate school, graduate school is more of a narrower field of study. The schooling may be more difficult and more work but I do think it will pay off in the end. As a graduate student I will develop clearer goals as to what I want for my future.As a graduate student I will create many opportunities for myself to receive practical experience in my field of study. Learning in an atmosphere where the professors and other students love my field of study just as much as I do will be truly refreshing. It is also no secret that most companies look for advanced education beyond a bachelor’s degree because a gradu ate degree is more prominent. With a graduate degree I will most likely earn a considerably higher salary than if I just settle with a bachelor’s degree. I would like to succeed in my lifetime to become wealthy.With an advanced degree I will have opportunities for advancement over than I solely had my bachelor’s degree. I would like to be one day be a hospital administrator or a manager of my branch. Having an advanced education will help me achieve this goal. I have a dream of becoming a successful person that will have financial stability. I would love to eventually earn a graduate degree that will help me further my career. I would love to earn a degree that will give me more mobility in my career. There will be more hard work and effort put forth in an advanced degree but after all the time is put in the rewards will be great.

Comparison Between Gold Rates and Sensex Essay

Correlation : Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables are related. Correlation is computed into what is known as the correlation coefficient, which ranges between -1 and +1. Perfect positive correlation (a correlation co-efficient of +1) implies that as one security moves, either up or down, the other security will move in lockstep, in the same direction. Alternatively, perfect negative correlation means that if one security moves in either direction the security that is perfectly negatively correlated will move in the opposite direction. If the correlation is 0, the movements of the securities are said to have no correlation; they are completely random. Regression analysis: It involves identifying the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Case Analysis The initial analysis compares two Asset index prices the SENSEX and the GOLD. The Sensex has the top 30 stocks. The Gold is an important Asset in terms on Investment as it also offers the benefit on diversifying the Portfolio risk. To apply the Correlation and regression concept, we consider an investor who plans to invest in Gold looking at the rise in the gold prices. He is still reluctant if he should choose Gold as an investment option or if he should consider investing in some other investment options based on Sensex. as on 15th September 2012. Hence, he plans to carry out a research on the same, for which he attends a seminar on â€Å"Investment Opportunities†. There was a debate amongst the Financial Analysts – â€Å"Does Sensex rates affect Gold prices?† Analyst1 : Gold prices have been on an uptick since 2000, while the stock market declined from 2000 to 2003 and then again in 2008. Hence, Sensex fluctuation does not determine the Gold prices i.e. rise in Sensex might not always lead to rise in gold price. Analyst 2: Through the recovery phase that commenced in 2003, gold prices kept rising. Analyst 1: Gold prices normally appreciates in value. Analyst2: Fluctuations in Gold prices are determined by the fluctuations in Sensex i.e.: Decline In sensex. This created a confusion. Hence, to clarify the confusion he plans to study the price trends of the Gold rates and the Sensex for the dates ranging from June 1st’2012 – August 31st2012. After checking the correlation he found that the correlation between the closing prices on Gold and Sensex was 0.24 which was weak. Thus, he decided that Sensex rates was not the only factor to consider investment in Gold. Otherwise, Gold is a good option for investment as it provides diversification and hedging in investment. Conclusion: Correlation between Gold and Sensex is 0.24 which is positive and weak. Thus, based on this correlation change in Sensex has an effect on Gold rate but it is very small.

Discuss Hurricane Katrina Impact on Bermuda and International Research Proposal

Discuss Hurricane Katrina Impact on Bermuda and International Insurance Markets, and Explain How Storm Affected Our Attitudes Towards Insurance - Research Proposal Example We observed the complete lack of communication between federal government, state government, and the cities, officials. Inefficiency, no initiative, no clear leadership, delay in every action, and overall chaos can characterize the behavior of those who should try to prevent and minimize the damages. And on top of everything, most of the areas and people hit and affected by the Katrina were not prepared for the scale of disaster. Katrina was hugely devastating and the magnitude of its damage will linger probably for some time, in areas affected and in minds of people who witnessed that disaster. However, the federal and state officials, as well as ordinary people can derive a lesson from Katrina. This was not the first such disaster, and it surely was not the last one (Hayhurst, 2007). According to earth scientist, due to changes in climate and global warming, hurricanes and other natural disasters will appear more frequently. How can we, ordinary citizens as well as officials on different levels, prevent such after-disaster crisis? How can we better manage crisis? Are there ways to diminish peoples suffering? And mostly importantly, who should pay for everything? Money is always crucial issue and in situation of such crisis it takes another meaning. We have to be aware of the fact that we cannot rely always on the others for help. In many critical situations, we have to come up with our own solutions to the problems. In this case study, the situation of an average family living in the hurricane-prone area is analyzed. The analysis is performed on different levels. First, we closely look at the prevention and avoiding severe crisis due to disaster. We, as humans, cannot control nature, but we can and should take every measure to protect human life in the face of a disaster. Therefore, what measures people should take to protect themselves and their personal

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Essay

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that one of the essential parts of a company investment return is a dividend. Being paid on an annual or quarterly basis, a majority of companies pay dividends to the shareholders while others retain their entire profit and reinvest. Even though reinvesting back the profit is vital for the future expansion of the company, it significantly matters whether firms pay dividends. Based on the importance of shareholders in the capital growth of any company, it is fundamental for the management to rewards the shareholders by giving them a portion of the company profits so that they can use it for their own investment or education of their children among other personal use. A company that regularly pays dividends to its shareholders indicates fundamentals. In the 1930s before firms were under legal obligation to pay a dividend, their financial health was indicated by their ability to pay a dividend. Notwithstanding the laws and legislation such as the securities and exchange act of 1934 that brought about a significant level of transparency in the financial management of firms, dividends are still a notable yardstick of the company performance. Â  Mature companies pay dividends and still retain more profits for reinvesting. A good example of a company that has benefited from giving its shareholders dividends is Microsoft. During the early years of the company operations, the company did not pay dividends but it reinvested a significant portion of its profit for future growth.

Zara Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara - Case Study Example The company has created a niche in the global retail industry through its aggressive and carefully planned out business model. The unique points of their business model that has helped them grow in relatively short time are primarily two folds. One, their turn around time that is as aggressive as it can be; where in, Zara believes in staying with the trend and comes up with entirely new chain of clothing style with in two weeks of time. They have always maintained and encouraged employees to come with clothes that are trendy and can attract customers for a certain amount of duration before going in for a complete revamp as soon as the trend is out of fashion. Secondly, its Just-In time inventory system, where it believes in having just the required amount of clothing stock. This not only helps them keeping the cost low, but also come up with entirely new style of clothing inspired from customers’ feedback in rather quick time.   The company spends almost a negligible amount in advertising as the Zara management has always maintained that what’s important is to give the customers that they want rather than force them to buy what you have. This principle has been the backbone of the Zara retails and has been the major point of success. Before launching their business in any new region, the management does a careful planning about the outlet positioning. Zara stores invariably are situated in main commercial areas and usually attract shoppers with its attractive and trendy display of stylish clothes. At the point of billing, customer service staff take extensive feedback from customers to identify the needs and the expectations of customers, this information is strictly followed while deciding on newer products. Surveys and customer feedback also allows Zara management to keep the prices competitive and within the range that the customers are happy to pay for and yet ensuring profits for the company. Th e large scale volume of business also allows Zara to