Deterrence Theory Is The Rational Choice Theory - 992 Words

Deterrence theory is the basis and the ultimate desired outcome to deter crime in the United States (Feldmeyer, 2015). That has not always been true. There has been a period in U.S. history, 1960’s and 1970’s that Rehabilitation Theory was considered the method of choice (Feldmeyer, 2015). Rehabilitation Theory, including treatment, was to treat the â€Å"illness† rather than place heavier sanctions such as incapacitation. Even though Rehabilitation is not the predominate approach used today, it is still a viable choice to curb criminals appetite to offend others. The close contender to Deterrence Theory is the Rational Choice Theory. Rational Choice Theory uses the premise of â€Å"free will† (Brown, 2013). That the offender has a choice of whether to commit a crime or not because the offender is not confined to just one choice. That his choice would bring more pleasure (Brown, 2013). We can classify deterrence in two categories: either formal, such as pr ison and jail sentences, or informal such as effects on offender’s job. Research has shown that informal sanctions have a greater determent than formal sanctions (Feldmeyer, 2015). The main arguments of deterrence and rational choice theories are: deterrence was a theory using punishment to control offenders committing crime. Punishment has been used as a means as a deterrent since the medieval days. Later, with the advent of the enlightenment era, it was pointed out that offenders have â€Å"free will†, as in the Rational ChoiceShow MoreRelatedDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory777 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterre nce and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence is used to punishRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory748 Words   |  3 Pages In the following paragraphs, deterrence and rational choice theory, two important ideas, will be discussed. Deterrence theory argues that people are more likely to be dissuaded from committing crimes due to fear of being caught, rather than using a moral sense of what is right and what is the wrong thing to do. The three elements of the deterrent effect of punish relies on the severity, certainty, and celerity of the punishment (Lab, 2016). General deterrence is designed to impact more thanRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory3785 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory and the three strikes laws are seen by some researcher as the way to maintain control, deter crime and deliver harsh punishment for repeat offenders by subjecting them to the three strikes law. They believe that if the punishment is harsh that offenders will be deterred to commit crime. We will take a look at these theories, and see if they are really the answer to our crime problems in the USA. It will also allow us to ask the question which is:Read MoreDeterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime3085 Words   |  13 PagesThe issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Befo re the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealtRead MoreHow Rational Choice And Deterrence Theory Around The World1547 Words   |  7 Pages Everybody has a choice, but it’s up to the individual to the make a decisions on what they choice to do in a positive way, in every event that takes place in their life on an everyday basis. In today’s society dealing with Rational Choice a question always comes into play on why people engage in criminal behavior, but who really knows and most people wonder is it who they surrender their selves around in their social life or could it have been where they grow up and what they sense as a child withRead MoreContemporary Utilization Of Classical Perspective1575 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the contemporary utilization of the classical perspective of criminology. Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, routine activities theory, and lifestyle theory will be explained and defined thoroughly detailing each theory and provide a historical background, theorist(s) involved, prior literature, scientific methods, results, personal opinions, and policy implications for each th eory. These theories are still being utilized in law enforcement in present day enforcement of laws andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Court Imposed Bans1563 Words   |  7 Pagespolice imposed bans, court imposed bans, and venue imposed bans. These three bans differ in a number of ways, and have different strengths and weaknesses regarding how well they work. They also relate to different social theories including, deterrence theory, and rational choice theory; all of which will be explored throughout this presentation. Court Court imposed bans can be issued for a number of reasons, most commonly to violent patrons who are likely to endanger the safety of others. Court imposedRead MoreThe Sentencing Policy And The Criminal Justice System1065 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many current criminal justice policies and laws that demonstrate how the policy has been informed by the theories that have been covered this semester. Many connections are not explicit but offer great detail in offering information based on the given topics. The current criminal justice policy that I’ve chosen was the sentencing policy. The sentencing policy was put together to reach every type of case that could possibly be seen in the criminal justice system. Here we will further discussRead MoreTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). For theories of crime and criminalRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believe

Real Life Is Not Always Like The Movies - 1222 Words

The classic example used to teach students Game Theory, and a frequent plot element of action movies, is most often called the Mexican Standoff, where three people each have their guns pointed toward the next and if one shoots, they all will shoot the next. How does one solve this dilemma? In the movies, the hero or heroes of the movie never gets shot and always end up winning the Mexican Standoff, often because of some quick move or through an outside influence changing the game. However, real life is not always like the movies. In Mexico, there is a real-life Mexican Standoff scenario occurring with the federal government, and a slew of cartels. Does game theory offer any insight into why this international conflict is occurring or how we can solve it? As seen through the lens of Game Theory, the Mexican Standoff can easily be solved and one can calculate the odds of any one individual not being shot. Since there are three guns, there is a limited number of outcomes that ca n occur from this scenario. The first person to shoot has the least chance of surviving since then the third person would then shoot them. However, since the second person to shoot has the advantage everyone is dis incentivised to shoot first, thus a standoff ensues. Usually, the standoff ends when a fourth person either shoots someone in the standoff or creates a distraction so that one of the people in the standoff can have the advantage to shoot the others. Something similar isShow MoreRelatedReview Of Horror Movies And The House Of My Best Friend 1525 Words   |  7 Pageshorror movies. Bringing up the topic about horror movies or just the genre â€Å"horror† brings chills to Morgan and makes her squirm in her seat. It’s strange to acknowledge the fact that horror movies can have one of two effects on people. They either enjoy the thrill, or despise the feeling of being terrified. Based off Morgan’s reaction when I mentioned that we would be discussi ng horror movies, it was clear that she wasn’t the biggest fan of these films with her simple statement of â€Å"Horror movies? HateRead MoreFilm Films Of Alfred Hitchcock1372 Words   |  6 Pagesan insatiable urge for entertainment, part of which is often satisfied through watching movies. Whenever a movie is written and subsequently produced, there are a couple of themes that accompany it. Though all movies have a significant amount of simulated actions, many of the themes do occur in the real life. Writers tend to have a particular thought to develop into a plot, which is often inspired by real-life events. Then, when a movie is being written and produced, the relevant personnel decideRead MoreA False Romance1236 Words   |  5 Pagesexpect to have it for a long period of time, they are in trouble because such things do not exist as they do in movies. People have dreams of this false perception of love all the time due to Hollywood movies about love, romantic poems, an d television shows. This is what people have been lead to believe because directors and produces knows it’s what they want. The movies themselves always show the couple on their good days. The falling in love part. They show the laughs, the sentimental speeches,Read MoreWomen s Role Models For Young Children1531 Words   |  7 PagesAlmost every child and or adult has watched or at least heard of a Disney movie. Little girls always wanted to be Cinderella, Snow White, or Belle and the boys Hercules or Aladdin. These characters have been role models for young children for many years. Looking back at Disney films now, they seem a little different. Now, because we are much older we can see how they were setting up gender roles that we are completely comfortable with today. Using Frozen and Hercules as an example, we can teachRead MoreThe Horror Of Horror Films1288 Words   |  6 Pageshorror movie is such a great feeling to have. So many people ask why do people enjoy watching horror Films if they are only going to make you get scared and not be happy the whole night? That is something really easy to answer for example, horror movies are one of the genres that will make sure you got your money worth and you didn’t waste money on a movie that you didn’t enjoy. Another fact would be is that when anyone goes into a horror film nobody knows what to expect so that makes them way moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s The Novel Cold Blood1563 Words   |  7 PagesReal crime or true story is a recently denomination term used to refer to nonfictional ac ting of actual crimes, usually murders. There has been little methodical study of the genre; critics and scholars offer contradictory theories about true-crime literature. Although the term and the popularity of the genre are relatively new, factual accounts of crimes are not. True-crime accounts date back as far as the 18th century, and such writers as Edmund Pearson, William Roughead, and Jonathan Goodman describedRead MoreThe Horror Of Horror Movies Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore. He just learned a new idea and increased his criminal expertise. As a result, horror movies inspire copycat crimes. Copycat crimes are defined as those that are â€Å"inspired, motivated or modeled after acts that have occurred before in the media† (â€Å"Understanding†). The crimes themselves either mirror the inspiring acts or are simply based upon them. Violence and criminal behavior shown in horror movies affect people psychologically and physically. Watching violence in the me dia desensitizes peopleRead MoreCommon Masculine Themes of Superheroes Explained in Complex Masculinities: The Superhero in Modern American Movies1256 Words   |  6 PagesModern American Movies attempts to encapsulate the essential elements that make masculinities complex by means of mass media. The question of where and why superheroes have held such a salient position in the last decade is aroused when it is media who is the deciding factor in institutionalizing masculinity. When looking at the surface of a superhero movie, dominant hegemonic characteristics are the epitome of the superhero and reflect the roles and values society holds of a â€Å"real man†. But, furtherRead MoreEssay about Media Violence1096 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the news, tries to make us buy certain things, and it also shows violence. The only thing that it can do is replace written materials (Got that to). The bad thing is that these violent shows are dangering our society. Certain things on TV and movies have inspired people (I could think of any other word to use so I used theirs) to set their wives on fire, lie down in the middle of the roads, rape, steal, murder, and to do shootings. Out of 1,000 studies it is proven that media violence can haveRead More The Die Hard Trilogy: Mcclain An Example Of A Hero In America619 Words   |  3 Pageshappily ever after.quot; Sweet, short, cut and dry, that was the typical ending of our childhood books and early movies. There was the perfect hero and the bad villain. That was in the pre-modern era, now our hero isnt always perfect and has his flaws. The hero in todays movies needs these flaws and needs to travel through a combination of paths to become a hero. In order to sell movies which decide who a hero is in todays society. A hero in todays society needs to admit that he needs help and

Practical Book Review Why Dont We Listen Better free essay sample

Practical Book Review One: James Petersen Presented to Dr. Marcus Tanner Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA In Partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the course PACO 500 Introduction to Pastoral Counseling By Margaret Tlusty February, 2012 HEY! My Summary Petersen, James C. 2007. Why don’t we listen better? Communicating and connecting in relationships. Tigard, OR: Petersen Publications. James Petersen (2007) uses five parts to describe the talking and listening to help us process a better way of communicating and understanding each other. They are provided to help us connect in our relationships with others. According to Petersen, most of us think we listen well, but we don’t. Not really hearing what others have to say, can be costly to relationships and how people feel toward one another. In Part One, Petersen creates a â€Å"Flat Brain Theory of Emotions† that explains how our mind works and what goes on with it to make us act the way we do and in the manner we communicate to others. â€Å"In my experience, understanding how this mixture of thinking and feeling affects us and our relationships goes a long way towards reducing our clashes and disconnections. It gives clues about how to communicate our concerns and how to listen so others can calm down, think, and act more clearly† (11). In Part Two, Petersen uses his creative cards for helping the communication process. The point of the cards is to help us become better listeners and taking turns listening and talking. It is important to listen first thoroughly before talking to others. â€Å"If you listen while the other person talks, you not only get a clearer picture of what the other is saying, but you gain time in the back of your mind to figure out what you think-before it’s your turn to talk†(58). This way you can respond with a genuine answer because you really listened to what the person had to say. Part Three gives basic techniques of listening for us to use and find out which ones work best for our own style. It gives different examples of using them in our talking and listening experiences. There are two levels of communicating that are explained: first level is the exchange of information and the second is a deeper level of trusting and expressing our true feelings and spirit. In Parts four and five, Petersen puts it all together with examples on how to use the process of talking and listening effectively. He gives examples of how to use his theory of â€Å"Flat Brained Syndrome† to overcome issues and people with the syndrome. In the end, he shows you how to become a better person that good things happen due to having great communication skills. He uses examples of different circumstances that can affect our listening skills in different ways and how to approach these scenarios. Petersen says â€Å"that if your insides match your outsides, then what you say is what you mean. If you can be this way with people in your listening relationship, it’s like creating, a substantial fund in your bank that others can draw on to invest in their own lives† (211). YOU! My Reflection After reading this book, I have gathered a lot of insight on communicating with other people as well as with my own family. After being so overwhelmed in this class with directions and handouts I don’t really understand; it was refreshing to read something that is a bit simpler. I have never had a problem not listening to people, even when they did. I have a friend that calls me every day and I listen to all the things that are going wrong in her life and I try to give my advice, however I can never get a word in edge wise long enough for her to listen to what I have to say. It’s a very frustrating situation, however I never have told her how I felt and I let her do it. I am not sure why God still has her in my life, however there has to be a reason. In my struggles to change my life, I seem to just be surrounded by people from my past. One example of communication problems would be the ones I have with my Mother. She lives with my family and I, and she has diabetes and manic depression/bipolar syndrome. When she is in her depressive state, she tends to be an aggressive communicator. She will tell me everything that I do wrong and what a bad daughter I am. My communication back to her would be a screaming match and my children are seeing and hearing all of this. My husband doesn’t defend me; he tells me to ignore her. The only thing I could do would be to walk away and go to my room in order to avoid more conflict. After reading Petersen’s book, I now try to listen as to why she became so angry and defensive in the first place. Nine times out of ten, it would be that she just doesn’t feel good about her health and that sets off emotions to everything else. Then I usually respond with â€Å"I am sorry you are not feeling well and what can I do to help you? Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn’t. It is still a work in progress and so I just keep praying to God hoping that every day is a good day. Petersen’s view on spacing helped me with my mother as well. Petersen states â€Å"spacing allows space for talkers’ thoughts to emerge and be valued. When you suspend your views to make space for ot her people’s concerns, it’s like temporarily locking yours in a safe. This frees you to engage in their thinking processes with them† (151). It helps me to figure out where her mind set is at. LOOK! My Investigation This book seems to be very effective in counseling groups and with couples. The card that Petersen designed is very creative and it is a helpful tool in counseling couples. I would have enjoyed more personal examples of his counseling sessions and what the outcome was. I would have enjoyed it more if it were Bible based and how scripture could be intertwined with the communication skills given. I wasn’t quite sure why we had to read this for an Introduction to Pastoral Counseling class, and with all the other resources we have it was quite challenging to envelop all this information. As I was reading about the Flat Brain Theory of Emotions, Petersen says â€Å"while many people are frightened of emotions or consider various one either good or bad, I believe they are involuntary and perhaps even God given-simply there for us to use†(12). I am not quite sure I agree with his statement and the view of emotions. I don’t believe they are involuntary, I feel they are a part of us and they make up our humanity. They may be God given however in whatever situation we are in our emotions reflect who we are. This book has helped me to maintain certain emotions when it comes to my Mother, because how I react to her state of being reflects on my whole family. His listening skills are helping me to use a different approach when dealing with certain people. The Hawkins Pastoral Assessment Model deals with the problem and fixing it from the inside out working on layers of the client. Petersen seems to do the same with his communication and listening skills. If we listen better, we have better communication skills with others. Instead of trying to â€Å"talk over† someone, listen to what they have to say, and then answer them or offer advice. I feel that offering scripture lessons or verses adds extra help to the situation. DO! My Application In my understanding of this book, I am trying to develop these listening skills with my Mother in order to help our relationship with her as well as with my family. How I communicate with her reflects on her mood as well as my families. He says to listen without your mind drifting on to your own thoughts. â€Å"This gets especially challenging when we disagree with the talkers. If we go inside ourselves to think about how we are going to put our disagreements into words, we, in effect, leave the talkers alone to tend for themselves†(104). This is a very challenging task to overcome. I feel with the help of God and the tools from this book, I will become a better communicator with my family as well as with my friends and church members. I have a hard time speaking up and I am very non-confrontational (7 Gift/DISC Profiler 2011). I could be a leader; however people would view me as a friendly one. I am going to try to be more assertive in my actions and words.

leadership capabilities and training needs of CBEA organizational lead

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the obtained numerical observations that were statistically analyzed and interpreted to answer the problems of the study. The communication contexts and level of students? communication apprehension are also discussed in this section. Perceived Communication Apprehension of Freshman Students In Various Communication Contexts The first problem of this study calls for the identification of communication contexts where students are apprehensive in interacting with others. There are four contexts of communication which were used as variables in this study these are group discussions, interpersonal conversations, meetings and public speaking. These were considered as such since these were the contexts involved in McCrosky?s (1974) Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA), the instrument that was used in this research. Table 1 shows the PRCA of respondents in various contexts. The table reveals that COE students have a PRCA score of 19 which means that the respondents have some degree of apprehension in involving themselves in the context of public speaking. This signifies students? anxiety in talking to their fellow communicators in front of a crowd. Meanwhile, COE students are not apprehensive when they are in meetings (18), group discussions (17) and interpersonal conversations (18). This result corroborated the findings of Krannich (2004) who found out that the fear